The Diplomatic Revolution Begins, 1919-1939

10 important questions on The Diplomatic Revolution Begins, 1919-1939

Why did the Paris Peace Conference differ so greatly from Vienna 1815?

Mainly politicians (diplomats) were involved instead of social elites. the sentient that drove the people was that of revenge, worked with the idea of rivalry instead of trying to establish an international system. Another issue was the presence of the public opinion where the leaders wanted to please their people and their idea of punishment for their suffering No viable system emerged from their labors.

What were the fundamental differences between US President Wilson and his allies?

Wilson wanted a League of Nations including weaker states and the ones that lost the war, with self-determination. Other powers wanted to maintain the balance of power.

What was the ‘Empty Chair’ at the League of Nations? What other problems did the League have?

The USA could not join the League of Nations even though it was Wilson’s idea. Other issues:Germany, Japan and Russia were also not included,
strong powers such as Britain and France were often disagreeing on the methods to use and purposes of the organization; and there was almost no willingness to take collective security seriously. Finally, there was no enforcement mechanism in the League
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How did ‘public opinion’ influence diplomacy?

Public opinion was very intimidating for the politicians and leaders of countries because they felt pressure to please the public. private citizens started being involved in diplomacy, which led to dangerous consequences, as these people were concerned about their personal reputation. In the context of diplomacy a new concept was developed, open diplomacy

What was the danger of summit meetings?

There was usually not enough time and politicians wanting to achieve something good for their country affected the decisions made. There was public pressure.

Explain the influence of economic diplomacy


influences of economic diplomacy were the financial difficulties that many countries faced after the First World War. Because the economies had suffered greatly during the war and were not recovering afterwards the economic competition increased among states. Moreover, the idea of punishing Germany led to the establishment of reparations that were so high that Germany could have never been able to pay in the conditions it was in. These issues and the 1929 Wall Street crisis strongly influenced diplomacy.
Payment systems and reparations were decided on, an example being the Dawes Plan. These plans were often to help countries rebuild

What was the contrast of norms in the interwar period?

It was when commonly accepted norms were rejected and consensus on values collapsed. This was important because the great powers had different ideas on how to negotiate and what decisions to take

Discuss Soviet diplomatic tactics

The soviets used negotiations to block or delay settlements. They refused to use diplomacy as a means of reaching agreements

Why were England & France willing to reach agreements with Hitler but not Stalin?

The British and French did not trust the Russians, because of their strong hatred towards communism. They had hopes for Hitler because they thought if they gave him what he wanted he would stop. Also, he pursued his national interest without influencing the international atmostphere too much

What were Hitler’s four phases of using diplomacy on his way to war?

1:diplomacy of concealment,
2:remove chains of previous obligations & protect country from possible consequences of doing so,
3:diplomacy of testing resolve, to discover how much resistance could be expected once plans revealed,
4:aggression.

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