Suicide in Prisons
17 important questions on Suicide in Prisons
What was the prison suicide rate in England and Wales in 2007?
(p. 385 textbook)
What was the % increase of self harm in prisons from 2015 to 2016?
What are limitations with prison suicide research?
- Research has often been descriptive and retrospective, with no control groups, thus limiting definitive conclusions about risk factors for suicide
- Often research only examine static risk factors (e.g. marital status, age, history of drug/alcohol misuse) which are characteristic of the whole prison population = only have limited power in the prediction of suicidal behaviour and thus prevention
(p. 385 textbook)
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What studies showed that the suicide rate was also high among recently released prisoners?
- Kariminia et al. (2007)
(p. 386 textbook)
What did Pratt et al. (2006) find?
(p. 386 textbook)
What did Kariminia et al. (2007) find?
Suggests that the initial period after release is a time of extreme vulnerability
(p. 386 textbook)
Nationally, rates of self-injury have risen by what percentage in the past 5 years?
(p. 389 textbook)
Self-injurious behaviour is particular common in which gender offender population?
(p. 388 textbook)
What are risk factors for self-injury in offenders
- female
- having perviously self-harmed
- having a psychiatric disorder, such as personality disorder, conduct disorder, or depression
- having a history of drug/alcohol misuse
- having had a dysfunctional childhood, including physical and sexual abuse
(there is substantial overlap between the risk factors for self injury and suicide)
(p. 389 textbook)
What specific subgroups of offenders make them more at risk of self-injury and/or suicide?
(p. 389 textbook)
What study found that female offenders are growing in number within prisons?
(p. 390 textbook)
How is the risk of suicide and/or self-injury assessed? What does a comprehensive suicide/self-injury risk assessment include?
Indicators of an increased risk fall into 3 main categories:
- an individual's emotional and mental state
- their physical state, including behaviour
- their current situation/life events
A comprehensive suicide/self-injury risk assessment would include: gathering a full personal history of the offender, including discussing any ideas of suicide/self-injury and any history of suicide attempts of thoughts; the context in which these occurred; assessment of any aggravating features or risk factors present; assessment of the offenders support network and current/impending life events
(p. 390 textbook)
What does prevention of suicide and self-injury require?
(p. 390 textbook)
What has the prison service in England and Wales done to prevent suicide in prison?
- an increase in prisoner-peer support schemes
- improved staff skills, knowledge and training with regards to mental health and specifically suicide risk assessment
- safer cells
- improvements in reception screening procedures
- the establishment of the 'First Night Centres' where new arrivals will be placed
- further expansion and development of mental health in-reach services
(p. 391 textbook)
What are the factors linked to suicide?
- p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000; -webkit-text-stroke: #000000} span.s1 {font-kerning: none} the amount of time someone has spent in a particular prison (single most robust finding)
- offence type
- age
- mental illness - though this doesn't have predictive power in prisons?
What are the offence types associated with the highest rate of suicide?
- violent offending
- sex offending
- arson
What age range is more at risk of suicide? How does this differ between genders?
HOWEVER, it is the opposite case for women - they are more at risk when they are younger and less at risk when they get older
(bare in mind that the number of women committing suicide is much less than men)
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