Tortious Liability in Business

23 important questions on Tortious Liability in Business

What is a tort?

A civil wrong. Tort law is a generic category that houses specified torts, there is no general principle of tort liability, a tort must fall under one of the specified torts.

What is tortious liability?

Arises from a breach of duty fixed by law

What is the difference between torts and crimes?

There is much overlap, but in case of a crime it has to be proven beyond reasonable doubt, while a tort balances probabilities.
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What is the difference between torts and contracts?

Torts are imposed by operation of law, contracts are voluntary agreements made between parties

What is joint/several liability?

When multiple parties are held liable for the same event
in the case of joint, all parties are responsible for the compensation together. In the case of several, all parties may be sued in full

What 3 things need to be proven in order for a negligence claim to be successfully proven?

1. A duty of care was owed by the defendant (neighbour principle)
2. There was a breach of the duty of care
3. The damage suffered by the claimant was caused by the breach

What are the 3 factors that determine whether there is duty of care?

1. Reasonable foreseeability
2. Proximity: was the defendants carelessness likely to harm the particular claimant
3. Would it be fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty

What are the 3 requirements for duty of care and psychological injury?

1. Tort for psychological injury must lead to a recognisable medical condition (depression, etc.)
2. Injury as a way of nervous shock must be reasonably foreseeable
3. Bystander claimant must have perceived the event with own "unaided senses", or see the immediate aftermath

What is res ipsa loquitor?

The rule that entails that the facts speak for themselves. The rule of evidence affects the burden of proof

What is the thin skull rule?

States 'you take the victim as you find him'. So even if you don't know someone has a thin skull, you are liable for the entire injury even if you couldn't know the consequences

What is the novus actus interveniens?

Breaks the causal chain between initial wrongdoers action and the liability that results from it

What are the 2 types of nuisance?

1. Private nuisance - when the defendant's act must interfere in some unreasonable way with the individual claimant's use or enjoyment of their land
2. Public nuisance - when the defendant's act unreasonably interferes with the rights of the community

What are the 2 types of defamation?

1. Slander - spoken
2. Libel - more permanent form

What are the requirements for defamation action?

1. Statement must be defamatory (leads to shunning, etc.)
2. Statement referred to the claimant
3. Statement was published

What are the 7 defences to defamation?

1. Truth - when facts that are alleged are substantially true
2. Honest opinion - when statement of opinion is honestly held on the basis of available facts
3. Publication on a matter of public interest - statement on a matter of public interest which the maker reasonably believed should be made known to the public
4. Absolute privilege - covers something alleged during courtroom proceedings
5. Qualified privilege - if it was an honest opinion and not made with malicious intent
6. Offer to make amends
7. Innocent dissemination - special defence for parties when they are not the author or editor

What are the 2 general remedies in tort?

1. Seeking damages
2. Injunction - court order to prevent the defendant from doing something, or make him do something

In the tort of trespass, what are the 3 main forms of intentional inference with a person?

1. Battery - intending to interfere with a person, even if there is no intention to harm the person
2. Assault (menacing in the US) - defendant causes claimant to fear he is going to commit a battery
3. False imprisonment - defendant intentionally and directly places a total constraint on the liberty of the claimant

What are the 8 main defenses to intentional torts?

1. Consent (implicit/explicit permission)
2. Inevitable accident
3. Defense of the person (self-defense)
4. Defense of the property
5. Necessity
6. Lawful arrest
7. Search
8. Seizure

What is the neighbour principle?

A person that is so closely and directly affected by my act, that I ought reasonably to have him in contemplation as being affected

What is contributory negligence?

The claimant himself is also at fault for their injury. The claimant can still bring a claim but only to the extent for the part that he himself cannot be held liable for

What is volenti non fit injuria?

When the claimant voluntarily assumed the risk.

What are the 6 most common economic torts?

1. Deceit - fraudulent misrepresentation
2. Malicious falsehood - false statement that causes damage
3. Passing off - passing of own goods as that of claimant
4. Interference with contract - persuading party to not carry out duty in contract
5. Intimidation
6. Conspiracy

What are the different types of damages?

1. Compensatory damages
2. Nominal damages (successful claimant but little damage)
3. Contemptuous (technically successful but little merit)
4. Exemplary/punitive (make example of the defendant)
5. Aggravated (more than compensatory, less than punitive)

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