Fruits and veggies

27 important questions on Fruits and veggies

Which vegetables are rich in minerals?

Spinach, carrots, cabbage, tomatoes

Which fruits are high in minerals?

Strawberries, cherries, peaches, raspberries

In what form are carbohydrates in fruits and veggies?

As structural components (cellulose), energy reserves (starch), components of nucleic acids (ribose) and as components of vitamins (riboflavin).
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Why are carbohydrates important in FT?

1) They are an energy sources
2) A source for fermentation by MO
3) Growth prevention for MO (by osmoses > less water activity)
4) Source for caramelisation
5) Source for browning reaction (Meillard)

What does starch and where can you find it in the plant?

Are reserve of energy. In seeds and tubors (knollen).

What is cellulose and hemicellulose?

Supporting structures. They are fibres so not digestible and they don't give energy. They are insoluble in hot or cold water.

Which organic acids are there and in which fruits can you find them?

Malic acid (apples), citric acid (oranges, lemons), tartaric acid (grapes)

What functions have acids in fruits?

Slow down bacterial spoilage (lower pH).

What does acid with the colour in fruits and why?

The colour is dependent on the pH-level since plants pigments are natural pH indicators.

What is the sugar/acid ratio used for?

The sugar/acid ratio is very often used in order to give a technological characterisation of fruits and of some vegetables.

What are nitrogen-containing substances?

Proteins, amino-acids, amides, amines, nitrates

What is the level of N-containing substances in fruits and what in veggies?

Fruit: less than 1 %
Veggies: 1 to 5,5 %

Why are vegetal proteins not very nutritional?

Not all essential amino acids are present.

What do enzymes do in fruit and vegetables?

1) They control the reaction associated with ripening
2) They are responsable for changes in color, flavour, texture and nutritional properties

Why is heating good for mantaining quality?

It dectivates enzymes so the fruit and veggies have a better storage stability.

What is the optimum temperature for enzyme?

50 C degrees

Which groups of enzymes play an important role by processing and storaging of fruits and veggies?

Hydrolases and oxidoreductases.

Why do processes like cooking and freezing damage texture of a veggy/ fruit?

It destroys the proteins in the cell membranes and results in a loss of perm selectivity.

What are young and old cell walls mainly composed of?

Young: cellulose
Old: hemicellulose, lignin

What happens to pectin when you cook it?

It becomes soluble due to hydrolazation so cell seperation occurs.

Which sources of colour and colour change are there?

Chlorophylls (green), caretenoids (orange), anthocyanins (purple), anthoanthins (white to yellow).

What happens to chlorophyll by aging, processing, or cooking?

The protein is denatured and the chlorophyll is released. It is very unstable then and it changes into the brown pheophytin.

How can you prevent the colour change of chlorophyll?

By adding a base because a low pH favours the colour change.

What is unfavorable about the addition of an alkali?

It destroys vitamin C and it softens cellulose. 

Which pigments belong to the flavonoids?

Anthocyanins, anthoxanthins

What happens if you bring tannin in contact with iron?

They react and change from colourless to brown.

What influences further the colour of tannin?

pH and hardness of the water. Calcium > makes darker colour. Acid > makes lighter colour.

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