Summary: Gasturbine

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• 4 Using heat: the First Law of thermodynamics .

• 4.2 What to do with the heat?

• a closed system vs open system?

  a closed system there is no mass transfer across the boundaries of the system
  
  an open system there is mass transfer across the boundaries 

• What does the heat do  in a close system?

  
  
  
  

  1. Increase the internal energy of the gas by an amount ΔU
     
  2. Have the gas perform an amount of work W on its environment (the piston)
     

• 4.2.1 Internal energy

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• Increasing the internal energy of a gas can result in:

  
  
  
  

  1. increased potential energy of the molecules, by which we mean that the molecules are less hindered by the forces they experience from their neighbours, and can move farther away, or even escape from each other  زيادة الطاقة الكامنة للجزيئات
     
  2. increased kinetic energy, by which we mean: زيادة الطاقة الحركية
     
     1. increased vibration of the atoms in the molecule
        
     2. increased rotation and translation of the molecules themselves
        

• 7 Jet Engine design

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• What is the limitation of th reciprocating engines?

  
  1. بعض مكونات المحرك الترددي يجب أن تتسارع وتتباطأ باستمرار
  2. سرعة واتجاه تدفق هواء الاحتراق يتغيران باستمرار
  3. لا يوجد تدفق للغاز أثناء الضغط والاشتعال والتمدد للغاز
  4. بسبب الحجم المحدود للأسطوانات ، فإن تدفق الغاز صغير نسبيًا

• 9 TSFC, specific thrust, fuel-air ratio and exhaust

• 9.1 Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption

• TSFC (Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption)?

  
  
  to specify the fuel-efficiency of an engine
  
  
  
  indicates how much fuel we need to provide one Newton thrust for one hour.
  
  
  
  independent of the speed.

• 9.4.2 Critical pressure

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• What will happened if the Pgas flow less than the P atmospheric?

  The atmosphere would push the gas flow harder back in to the engine than the air flow pushes out, and the air flow would not be able to leave the nozzle.

• 10 Friction losses

• 10.1 Entropy

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• What is isentropic process?

  It is an frictionless &adiabatic process

• 10.3 Mechanical efficiency and combustion efficiency.

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• The pressure is NOT constant in CC because of:

  1. Flame stabilisers
     
  2. Fuel-air mixers
  3. Acceleration due to the combustion

• 10.5 T-S diagram of jet engine with friction losses

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• What does mor heat(fuel) give?

  Give us the same totale pressure, despite the losses. --> area in the graph increase

• 11 Effect of TIT, CPR, TAS and altitude

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• The turbojet engine is effected bij:

  1. TIT (Turbine Inlet Temperature)
     
  2. CPR (Compressor Pressure Ratio)