Connecttoets
28 important questions on Connecttoets
Epinephrine inhibits salivary gland activity and muscle cell contraction in the airways, yet stimulates glycogen release in muscle cells and heart muscle cell contraction. How could one hormone have opposing effects on different organs?
Cells in the different tissues would have epinephrine receptors coupled to different signaling pathways.
A mutation in a G-protein prevents the alpha-subunit from dissociating from the beta/gamma-subunit. What effect will this have on the pathway in which the G-protein is involved?
The ligand that activates the G-protein linked receptor is ...
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When inactive, the alpha subunit of the G-protein is bound to ...
As a result of the ligand binding to its site on the G-protein-linked receptor,
If a ligand were stuck in the G-protein-linked receptor, what would be the effect to the cell?
When the acetylcholine receptor sites are not occupied
the sodium channels remain closed.
Why is it possible for Na+ to enter the cell when the channel is open?
Nicotine is a molecule that is chemically similar to acetylcholine and binds to the same receptors. What affect will nicotine have on the cell shown in the animation?
Whicg signaling molecules crosses the cell membrane the easiest?
The inhibitor of an intracellular signal receptor is defective, such that even when stimulated by a signal molecule, the inhibitor stays bound to the receptor. What effect will this have on the signaling pathway?
The alpha subunit can repeatedly dissociate from and associate with the remainder of the G-protein as long as the ligand is bound to the receptor.
TRUE OF FALSE
Inactivation of the alpha subunit occurs when its own phosphorylase activity removes a phosphate from the GTP. TRUE/FALSE
A mutation has occurred, disabling Ca2+ channels in the endoplasmic reticulum so that they can no longer open. The action of which molecule will this mutation this most affect?
If adenylyl cyclase gets 'stuck on', what will be the result to the cell?
In some cases, just a few hormone molecules binding to the surface of a cell can trigger a very large response because...
A substrate binding to an enzyme is most similar to a signal molecule binding to a
When a cell makes a cell membrane bound growth factor that binds to receptors on neighboring cells causing them to proliferate, this is an example of
When sodium ions move from one cardiac muscle cell to an adjacent cell, causing them to contract in unison, this is an example of
Diabetics can be given the ____ insulin which binds to receptors on cells throughout the body increasing glucose uptake.
What do G-protein coupled, enzyme-linked, and ligand-gated ion channel receptors have in common?
When epidermal growth factor binds to its _____________, the receptor phosphorylates itself, triggering a signal transduction pathway.
A phosphatase is capable of dephosphorylating molecules. What would this enzyme do in a signal transduction pathway that used a kinase cascade?
What do enzyme-linked receptors and growth factor receptors have in common?
Both possess kinase activity when bound to a hormone.
Some anticancer drugs block signal transduction pathways activated by growth factors. Which of the following would be a good target for such a drug?
Smooth muscle cells in the airways relax while those in the blood vessels contract in response to the hormone epinephrine. What would you expect to be different in these two types of cells exposed to epinephrine?
The molecule directly responsible for breaking down cAMP to inactive AMP is
The production of second messengers in signal transduction offers at least two advantages, speed and
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