Molecular structure of chromosomes and transposable elements - Organization of functional sites along bacterial chromosomes

15 important questions on Molecular structure of chromosomes and transposable elements - Organization of functional sites along bacterial chromosomes

How many chromosomes contains the human genome?

22 autosomes, 1 X chromosome and (in males) 1 Y chromosome.

Which four processes do chromosomal sequences facilitate?

- The synthesis of RNA and proteins;
- The replication of chromosomes;
- The segregation of chromosomes;
- The compaction of chromosomes (so they can fit within living cells).

What shape does the chromosomal DNA have in most bacterial species?

A circular shape.
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How are the nontranscribed regions of DNA located between adjacent genes called?

Intergenic regions.

What is the origin of replication?

A sequence in bacterial chromosomal DNA that functions as an initiation site for the assembly of several proteins required for DNA replication.

What is the function of the repetitive sequences within the DNA of many bacterial species?

They may play a role in genetic processes like DNA folding, DNA replication, gene regulation and genetic recombination.

What kind of proteins do bacteria use to form microdomains and macrodomains?

DNA-binding proteins called nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs).

What are examples of NAPs?

H-NS and SMCs

What is DNA supercoiling?

The formation of additional coils in the DNA double helix due to twisting forces.

When a right-handed helix is twisted with right-handed twisting motion, what is the result?

Either the helix has more turns (1 turn have fewer bp), or the formation of a positive supercoil.

A helix with no supercoil, a helix with a negative supercoil and a helix with a positive supercoil are called ...of each other.

Topoisomers.

Is the chromosomal DNA in bacteria supercoiled? And what is the result of this?

The DNA is negative supercoiled, what makes it more compact.

Which enzyme introduces negative supercoils in chromosomal DNA of bacteria?

DNA gyrase or topoisomerase II.

What do topoisomerase I and II to either create negative supercoils or relax negative supercoils?

They make a break into the DNA strand (I just in one strand).

Why are researchers designing drugs that inhibit the function of DNA gyrase?

The ability of introducing negative supercoils in DNA is crucial for bacterial survival.

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