Summary: H&f

Read the summary and the most important questions on H&F

• College 1

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• What is the history plan?

  - mechanizing of the world: science as prection and control; world as mechanism (clockwork)
  - Philosophical roots: Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Kant: consciousness, knowledge, empiricism vs rationalism
  - the rise of scientific, experimental psychology
  - psychology in Europe (psychology as human science; Gestalt)
  - psychology in America (evolution, pragmatism, functionalism)
  - behaviorism, psychoanalysis (turning away from consciousness)

• What was the worldview and the look on knowledge and science in the Middle ages?

  World view: universe as an organism, with a function meaning
  Knowledge and science: authority, speculation, reasoning, no experiment or observation. Qualitative explanation, essence

• What were the causes of the scientific revolution?

  - commercial: banks, trade, travel
  - demografic: urbanisation, social mobility
  - technical: printing, magnet/compass, gunpowder

• What beholds the scientific revolution?

  -> new interest in counting and measuring: quantitative explanations, medieval qualitative explanation useless, technology, manipulation
  -> practically usefull science
  
  Warfare, transport: what are the laws of movement?
  Trade: arithmetic, measuring volumes?

• Some new ideas were humanism and atomism, explain them

  1 free enquiry (onderzoek): Humanism: Freedom of enquiry, free from authority of theology and chruch, independent reasoning and observation
  2. Source of mechanistic worldview: atomism: alle properties reducible to properties of the smallest indivisible parts (=atoms)

• World as mechanism summary

  Knowledge:
      - knowledge is power
      - experiment, manipulation, measurement
     - prediction and control
     - knowledge of causes and effects, laws
     - analysis, dissection, elemtarism, materialism
  
  Worldview: machine, clockwork metaphor, mechanism (not organism)

• What are three characteristics of Bacon (1561-1626)?

  Empiricism, positivism
  - first statement of the new ideal (hard, emperical), science
  - observation is the only legitimate source of knowledge
  - normative philosophy of science (positivism): methods and prescriptions for good science (against prejudices and illusions)

• What was the method of Bacon?

  Inductive method: no theories, no mathematics, no dedcutions, only observed facts
  Induction: from observations to generalisations, and laws
  
  'knowledge is power' 
  experiment: 'put nature on the rack' 

• Which 4 characteristics beholds the new science?

  - Observation and manipulation, prediction and control
                                                 --> experiment
  - Laws of nature, in mathematical formulae
  - Materialism, elementarism (atomism)
  - Deism: no intervention by god

• What are primary qualities?

  in things themselves