Filosofen en theorieen

27 important questions on Filosofen en theorieen

Comte: System of positivsm: which 3 stages in development of knowledge are there?

1. theological stage > supernational powers explain phenomena
2. metaphysical stage: abstract entities explain phenomena
3. positive stage: regular connections between positive facts (how, not why); describing facts and relation between them

What is the system of science according to Comte?

the different domains of science are hierarchy related: mathematics, physics, biology, sociology

For what should science be used according to Comte?

to improve society
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What are two characteristics of Mach?

1. empiricism is stimulated by Mach (not rationalism/ metaphysical speculation
2. sensations as an important part of the mind (=legitimate concept) & can be investigated through experimental psychology of consciousness

What was a problem with the ideas of Wolf?

for each behaviour a faculty is introduced (another explanation) > circular explanations, it assumes what it explains = psuedo explanations

Which 3 anatomic principles where there according to Gall?

- Brain is organ of the mind
- Brain has sub-organs/ areas in which faculties are located
- Size of brain area is index of strength of the faculty located there

What is monism according to Fechner?

mind and body are manifestations of inner unity

Against what used Fechner psychophysics?

against materialism and dualism: psychophysics proves that all kind of evenes are aspects of the same thing

What possibility found Von Helmholtz?

The possibility to measure neural transmission > reaction experiments

What is the color experience theory (Helmholtz)?

3 different receptors explain how people experience color > example of everything can be explained in physical ways

What is the alternative for association psychology according to Helmholtz?

unconscious inference (unbewusster Schluss): perception = in depth inferential reasoning: copy of sensory input + memories. It is cognitive, not associative

Welke 2 theorieen hing Wundt aan?

Parallellisme en experimental psychology

What kind of science was Psychology according to Wundt?

Psychology is an autonomous science > takes something from the physiology: internal and external prospective: internal = autonomous/ something extra to external = physical (how brain works)

What is the propery dualism of Wundt?

physical and mental events coexist

What thought Wundt about the law of conservation of energy?

is not true > psychology is autonomous science

What is the parallelism of Wundt?

exist next to eachother (not interactionism)

What was Wundt's experiment?

- controlled experimental introspection: self-observion in controlled experimental conditions, by trained observers; about inner experience, really experimental; often combined with objective data. Idea is to record immediate experience in sensory terms > to find elements sensations/atomd of consciousness. It was about general consciousmess > the kidn that we all experience (not individual)
- to investigate general consciousness

What beholds the early Wundt?

experimental investigation of generalised consciousness; passive consciousness; looking for associations mechanisms and content/ elements and laws of consciousness> fits in mechanistic and experimental view
(low mental activity/ experiment/ passive/ elementary)

What beholds the later Wundt?

investigate feelings (activity of the mind), more interested in processes and active consciousness vs elements and passive. Higher mental functions can only be understood in social, cultural and historical frameworks >> which was not accesible to experiments (high mental activity/ active/ limts of exp/culture)

What is psychic causality and what is the second name for it (Wundt)?

experiences are not only caused externally, also by internal activity >> this is called creative synthesis: experience is more than the sum of externally sensations >> mental energy is what actively creates experience/order of the mind. > this self-created order of the mind cannot be explained by physical things >> law of conservation of energy does not work

What was a limit of the experiment of Wundt?

psychophysics experiments are only fow low mental activity; high is not really accesible: so it can''t be experimentally manipulated

What rejected Kulpe of Wundt?

psychic causality > he wants to analyse mental phenomena into sensory elements

What kind of psychology used Kulp and what kind experiments?

- he thought that association psychology would have all the rules psychology needs: thinking = a mechanical chain of images evoked by stimuli
- he used method experiments on high mental processes and tries to explain this in passive mechanism association framework

What is the Kupler program (kulpe)

reducing compex conscious states to elements > mental phenomena depend on physiological phenomena > experimental investigation of thought processes

What is the ausfragen method of Wurzburg?

systematic experimental introspection to investigate higher mental processes

What is the aufgabe experiments of Wurzburg?

1. preparation (give subordinate category
2. presentation stimulus
3. subject search for response
4. response
It was thought that stages 2-4 was most important, but stage 1 appeared to be essential; forms a mental set/instruction so other stages follow automatically. Stage 1 = bewusteinslage, stage of consciousness

What is total conclusion of Kulpe?

experimental introspection (of the Germans) is a dubious method

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