Sodium Balance
6 important questions on Sodium Balance
What is the primary solute in the extracellular fluid?
How is Na transported across the membranes?
- Actively
- Driven by the NA+/K+ pump in the basolateral membrane of renal tubule cells.
- This keeps Na concentration low in the intracellular fluid and therefore Na can passively diffuse through the apical membrane.
What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium balance?
- Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex. Regulates the reabsorption of Na and secretion of K.
- Aldosterone binds to cytosolic receptors in principal cells of the late distal tubules and collecting tubules.
- Aldosterone increases the number of open Na and K channels in the apical membrane by causing existing channels to open and by stimulating the synthesis of new channels.
- Aldosterone also stimulates the synthesis of Na/K pumps.
Overall: aldosterone increases Na reabsorption and K secretion.
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How is the secretion of Renin regulated?
What are the 4 mechanisms whereby angiotensin II increases MAP?
- Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles --> increase in resistance --> increase in MAP.
- Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone --> increase in Na reabsorption --> increase in water reabsorption --> increase in plasma volume --> increase in MAP.
- Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH --> increases water reabsorption --> minimizes fluid loss --> maintaining MAP.
- Angiotensin II activates hypothalamic neurons to stimulate thirst and fluid intake --> increases plasma volume --> increases MAP.
What is atrila natriuretic peptide and what does it do?
- ANP is secreted by the cells in the atria of the heart in response to stretch of the atrial wall when plasma volume has increased.
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