Hap 2 - atp
48 important questions on Hap 2 - atp
Electron transport chain in inner mitochondrial membrane
Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA
- refromation of oxaloacetate
- 4 oxidation reactions
- 1 substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidation of acetyl CoA - How much oxygen involved in CO2 formation
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Oxidation of acetyl CoA - Where is H2O formed?
Oxidation of Acetyl CoA - Metabolic percursors of H2O?
Oxidation of Acetyl CoA - role of Oxygen?
Oxidation of Acetyl CoA - Directly linked to glucose oxidation and RQ concept?
Not directly linked to RQ, since O2 is used in oxidative phosphorylation and CO2 is produced in TCA cycle
Glycolysis - fed state
- Phosphorylation by hexokinase (all cells) or glucokinase (liver, pancreas, hypothalamus, small intestine)
- nett accumulation of glucose inside cell --> metabolic trapping
Full oxidation of acetyl CoA
Full oxidation of pyruvic acid/pyruvate
Full oxidation of PEP
Full oxidation of GA3P
ATP yield in TCA from citrate to oxaloacetate
ATP yield in TCA from succinyl CoA to oxaloacetate
ATP yield in TCA from fumarate/malate to oxaloacetate
Conversion pyruvate to glucose
- cannot use pyruvate directly
- Via phosphoneolpyruvate (via malate)
Propionic acid/propionate complete oxidation
- Fermentation in large intestine
- Propionic acid - succinyl coa = - 3
- succinyl coa - malate = + 2.5
- malate - OAA (c) = + 1.5
- OAA - PEP = -1
- PEP = 13.5
Total ATP = 13.5
Blood levels - glucose
Blood level is poor indicator of total flux (throughput)
Certain level of substrate cycling is required to minimize changes at different demands
What is ATP yield of (blood) glucose in leg muscle after
- Indirect oxidation (via leg muscle glycogen) --> 29 ATP
- Indirect oxidation (via arm muscle glycogen) --> 0 ATP (since it cannot go back to blood)
- Indirect oxidation (via liver glycogen) --> 28 ATP
- Indirect oxidation (after 5 glucose/glycogen cycles in leg muscle) --> 30 - (5x1) = 25 ATP
Energetic efficiency - glucose oxidation
- Anaerobic --> 2*1374 = 2728 --> 2816-2728 = 88 kJ lost and 2 ATP trapped (2*33) is 66 kJ --> SO energetic efficiency = 66/88 = 75% and heat loss (88-66) is 22 kJ
Pentose phosphate pathway
- Alternative pathway for conversion of glu-6-P to fru-6-P
- Use for:
50% of NADPH needed for FA synthesis
Only source of NADPH in red blood cells
Synthesis of 5 carbon sugars
- 3 mol of glucose --> 2 mol fru-6-P + 1 mol glyceraldehyde-3-P + 3 mol carbondioxide + 6 NADPH
--> IN comparison with glycolysis of 3 mol Glu-6-P --> 2 F-6-P + 1 GA3P + 15 ATP
Energetic of reverse reactions
- Substrate cycle --> energy invested in forward is NOT released in backward reaction
Glucose substrate cycling
Lactate pathway - cori cycle
- Lactate is formed when H+ from NADH temporarily combine with pyruvate --> release NAD (which accept H+ in glycolysis)
- In MUSCLE --> glu --> 2 ATP + 2 lactate
- In LIVER --> 2 lactate + from Beta oxidation 6 ATP + 2 ATP --> glucose
Lactic acid pathway
- In skeletal muscle and heart when ratio oxygen supple/need falls below critical level
Glucose substrate cycling - ATP costs
- Glucose - 6-P --> -1
- Fru-1,6-diP --> -2
- PEP --> -2
- Pyruvate --> -6
Total costs --> -11 ATP
Amino acids in TCA cycle
- Ketogenic AA --> CANNOT be converted in glucose --> degraded to acetyl coa
(tyrosine (phenylalanine), tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, lysine)
Gluconeogenesis - Gram glucose formed out of 100 gram protein
Gluconeogenesis - AA --> glucose
100 gram protein = 100/137 = 0.73 mol
AA --> PEP --> max. 1 PEP per AA
0.73 mol PEP --> 0.73/2 = 0.36 glucose
0.36 mol glucose = 0.36x180 = 66 gram glucose
Conditional essential AA
- like Glycine --> to get rid of nitrogen
- asparagine, glutamine, arginine, glycine, proline, serine
Oxidative de-amination AA
- this release 2.5 ATP (by release of NADH)
- And release of nitrogen as amonium (NH4)
Excretion of nitrogenous waste
If water balance is a problem --> uric acid is common product (has a low solubility and crystallizes readily)
--> instead of urea to get rid of nitrogen
Uric acid in human
Blood plasma reference range
- 3.6-8.3 mg/dl in men
- 2.3-6.6 mg/dl for women
Excess accumulation of uric acid in blood --> gout or disease of kings or rich mans disease
Mol ATP per mJ metabolizable energy (ME)
FA --> 13.0
Pro --> 11.0
Gluconeogenesis - How many gram glucose can be formed from 100 gram glycogen
Glycogen mW = n*162
--> approximately 110 gram
Gluconeogenesis - How many gram glucose can be formed from 100 gram tri-palmitate
--> cannot be converted (fatty acid) into glucose --> but the glycerol backbone can be --> approximately 10-11 gram glucose
Gluconeogenesis - How many gram glucose can be formed from 100 gram casein
--> 0.699 PEP /2 = 0.349 mol glucose
--> 0.349 x 180 = 63 gram glucose
Gross energy of protein
Urea loss (protein)
Cis fatty acids
- Most naturally occuring unsaturated fatty acids in food
Trans fatty acids
- molecules are more linear
- occures in partially hydrogenated foods when hydrogen atoms shift some double bonds and change the configuration from cis to trans
Fatty acid characteristics
- Fatty acids with double bonds are more liquid than solid FA
Energy stores - FA
- is stored without water
- 10 kg body fat corresponds with 60 kg stored glycogen or 80 kg stored protein
FA metabolism - Fed state
- Lipoprotein lipase
- FA use for beta FA oxidation
FA metabolism - Fasting state
- Adipose tissue, adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
- FA use in liver for ketone body synthesis
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
- Per spiral 4 ATP is released (due to FADH, NADH)
Example ATP yield per mol - stearic acid (C18:0)
- 8x beta-oxidation --> +32 ATP
- 9 Acetyl CoA --> 10x9 = +90 ATP
Total ATP = +120
- much more ATP stored in carbons of FA than glucose
ATP yield - unsaturated fatty acids
--> Dont need the step saturated to unsatered --> so less energy generated
--> since there is no dehydrogenation of chain is required --> 1 FADH (1.5 ATP) is not obtained)
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