Health system I

9 important questions on Health system I

Which type of health care system do we prefer? (5)

- offering high quality & accessible services
- with ability to learn from their environment
- able to apply new knowledge
- accountable and transparent
- be sustainable

What is a health policy?

Health policy refers to decisions, plans and actions undertaken to achieve specific goals of health care within society

Which 4 factors of a country do health care systems result from?

- history
- politics
- economy
- national values
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What are the underlying health care models? (3)

- Bismarkian model
- Beveridge model or national health system
- Neoliberal model

What are 7 factors of the Bismarkian model?

- compulsory health insurance, uniformity
- based on social contributions, employment, corporatism
- supervision and control of the state
- some principles of (private) insurance
- mixed provision (private)
- countries: France, Germany, Austria, BeNeLux, Japan
- national health insurance (Canada, South Korea, Taiwan)

What are 8 factors of the Beveridge model?

- health services as a citizens' right
- the state as a redistributor
- universal access
- largely financed through taxes
- rationing and worried on sustainability
- decentralization
- intervention state both on funding and provision
- countries: UK, Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy

What are 10 factors of the neoliberal model?

- based on individualism and private enterprise
- health is regarded as a commodity
- the state makes a minor contribution to health care
- regulation merely provides conditions for professional practice
- federal programs (disadvantaged and/or marginal groups)
- high scientific and medical research level
- pluralism and professional dominance
- high cost to society
- inadequate coverage, inequity and discrimination
- countries: USA, Singapore

What are 5 common challenges faced in the health care systems?

- aging population - Europe, USA, Japan
  • increased expenditures
  • redefinition of services
- some lifestyle factors
- special groups (excluded, migrants)
- incorporating technology
  • rationing expensive procedures
  • rising costs (overuse, medicalization)
- public expectations

What are the 3 universal laws of healthcare systems?

- no matter how good the healthcare in a particular country people will complain about it
- no matter how much money is spent on healthcare ,the doctors and hospitals will argue that it is not enough
- the last reform always failed

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