What were the main mid-term causes? - British and French Appeasement - Czechoslovakia and the Sudetenland
12 important questions on What were the main mid-term causes? - British and French Appeasement - Czechoslovakia and the Sudetenland
What were the military strengths of Czechoslovakia which might be said could be used to justify the idea that the British and French shouldn't have appeased Hitler?
- Mountainous and easily defensible frontier with Germany
- Army of 34 divisions well supplied by Skoda arms factories at Pilsen
- Membership of diplomatic system comprising France, Britain, Poland and the USSR
What were the weaknesses of the Czechoslovakia before 1938?
Domestic Weaknesses:
- State of minority groups: uneasy union of Czechs and Slovaks at heart of state, Hungarians, Poles and Ukrainians
- 35% population were German; greatest of minorities
- 3.25 million Germans in total; resentful that no longer enjoyed privileges of Habsburg rule
Weaknesses of International Position:
Events of mid-1930s further weakened Czechoslovakia and increased its vulnerability:
- No border with friendly states such as France and Soviet Union
- Could expect no help from Italy as Austria had received none
- After Anschluss had a southern border with enlarged Reich devoid of any natural defences
Did Hitler exploit a crisis in Czechoslovakia or did he cause one?
- Sudeten Party formed in 1935 by Konrad Henlein, at first was demanding equal treatment with Czechs
- April 1938: Henlein's "Karlsbad Programme" demanded full independence from Czechoslovkai
- Czech President Edvard Benes confronted Sudeten Germans
- Hitler was more confiednt after Anschluss
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What was the British and French understanding of the situation in 1938 in Czechoslovakia?
- Anschluss
- May 1938: Troop movements
That if Hitler was determined to support Henlein the the Czechs had to concede or there would be a general war.
What were Henlein's and Hitler's policies in 1938 over Czechoslovakia?
This was shown when:
- Czech President conceded principle demands of Sudeten Germans
- Yet still, 13th September: Leaders of Sudeten Germans started unsuccessful risings in Karlsbad, Eger and other centres to sustain the tension
What did Hitler do on September 1938?
What was the implication of the British's reaction to Hitler's demands of self-determination for Sudeten Germans?
15th September 1938 (3 days later) Chamberlain flew to meet Hitler face-to-face; ON HIS OWN! Which implied to Hitler that Britain and France weren't working as a united front
What was the French reaction to Hitler's demands of self-determination for Sudeten Germans?
This showed that Britain were the ones that were calling the shots§
What was Britain and France's reply to Hitler's September 1938 demands?
- Chamberlain few to Bad Godesburg
- He told Hitler that Britain and France agreed to his earlier demands
However, then Hitler just demanded more (wasn't this just a direct example that APPEASEMENT WAS NOT WORKING?!)
Hitler now made new demands:
- Sudetenland must become part of German immediately by October 1st
- Polish and Hungarian demands on other parts of Czechoslovakia must also be given
Chamberlain rejected Hitler's new demands
Which powers attended the Munich Conference and who was 'missing'?
- Britain
- France
- Germany
- Italy (as mediator)
Who was missing?
- Czechoslovakia!
- USSR - Czechoslovakia's ally
When was the Munich Conference?
What was agreed at the Munich Conference?
- Germany would received all Czech territory where Germans were in a majority
- Transfer would be by stages
- Under international supervision
This was then PRESENTED to the Czech government with a single choice:
- Either accept
- Or fight Germany alone
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