Summary: History Of Human Lineage
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1 Week 1
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1.1 History 1 Early hominins and bipedality
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Describe australopethicus (period, location, brain size, pedality, tool use)
> 4 - < 2 Ma
South and east africa
Small brains
Bipedal
Littly (or no) stone tool use -
Name the paranthropus species + describe them (period, location, brain, dental, tool use)
Robust australopithecines
3/4 species:
- Aethiopicus
Boisei
Robustus
Garhi?
South and east africa
2.5 - 1 Ma
Brain slightly larger than archaic hominins
Dental adaptations
Unknown if tool use -
Name early homo species + describe them (location, period, brain, tool use, diet)
Habilis
Rudolfensis
Homo sp.
east and south africa
2.8 - 1.5 Ma
Brain slightly larger than paranthropus
Stone tool use
Maybe meat eaters -
Describe homo erectus (locations, period, brain, tools)
S, E africa, south europe, North asia, caucasus
2 Ma - ?100 ka
Large brain
Tall body
Handaxes -
Describe later homo (period, brain, tool, location)
800 ka - present
Large-brained species
Obligate tool-users
Old world, sapiens < 20 ka Americas -
How are oxygen isotopes used for climate reconstruction (5)
O16 and O18
Stable
Water with O16 evaporates more readily, effect increased in colder climates
Records of precipitation are formed at icecaps in Greenland and Antarctica
Foraminafere use O18 from sea in skeletons, accumulate at bottom of sea -> reversed signal to ice caps -
Info warm marine isotope stages
Warm marine isotope stages: uneven numbers in name? -
Describe the influence of the climate setting on ape and hominin evolution
Gradually cooling planet -> closure Panama isthmus (> 2 Ma) changes ocean circulation
Increasing variability -> periodic changes in insolation -
Describe 12C and 13C (4)
Stable carbon isotopes
Different uptake in different plant groups
C3 plants: trees, temperate grasses -> more 12C
C4 plants: arid grasses -> more 13C -
Describe other isotopes used for dating (Ar-Ar, K-Ar, U-Th, U-Pb, K) (+ halflives, dates)
Ar-Ar, K-Ar -> volcanic layers
U-Th, U-Pb
Much longer half lives -> able to date much older events
40K half life 1.25 billion years
Increased uncertainty with dates
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