Lecture title - History 2 Tool use
22 important questions on Lecture title - History 2 Tool use
Give the timeline of the fossils found in South Africa (1924, 1936, 1949)
1936: Paranthropus robustus
1949: Homo sapiens
What does the taphonomy of the south african cave tell/show
Baboon, paranthropus
Killed/hunted by nocturnal leopard (or big eagle)
Describe MNI (2) vs NISP (3)
- number of same elements (e.g. Top left of femur)
- May overrepresent rare species and underrepresent common ones
NISP: number of identified specimens
- All bone fragments of identified specimens
- Many identified are 'hominin' because impossible to differentiate
- May lead to overrepresentation exploited species
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What does culture do/give 2 advantages of culture
Less risky than trial-and-error
Describe culture without instruction (3)
But can also be:
- Know-what
- Know-where
In which 2 types of species does importance of social learning increase and why is large scale culture rare
Social species
Rare because:
Social learning is form of cooperation -> vulnerable to cheating
Need language -> many to one transmission
Constant combating free-loaders
How is culture widespread in animal kingdom
Last common ancestor likely tool user
What are geofacts and ecofacts
Ecofacts: organic materials that are not altered by humans but still have cultural relevance
Give the criteria for geofacts and artefacts (angles)
Artefact: Acute < 90*
Geofact: can be oblique > 90*
Describe the oldowan (age, location, species)
Other tools occur from 1.8 Ma
East and South Africa
Associated with Habilis, P. Robustus, P. Boisei and H. Erectus
Describe the early Acheulean (time period, characteristics, species)
Often not entire circumference of biface worked
H. Erectus
Describe the late Acheulean (time, characteristics)
More extensive shaping of bifaces
Thinner bifaces
Describe the Acheulean (+ locations)
Across much of old world
- Europe late, parts of Asia no bifaces
Clear shape on tool -> mental template
Describe mode 3 tools (technology, time period, species, characteristics)
< 300 ka
Only large-brained species:
- Sapiens
- Neanderthals
- Denisovans
Great control over flake shape
Often hafted
Describe mode 4 and 5 (+ period, species, characteristics)
Mostly Sapiens
Mode 4: blades
Blade: parallel edges, length is more than 2 times width
Mode 5: bladelets (small narrow blades)
Name 2 other possible materials for tooth and the species that used them
Erectus: shark teeth to open shells
Give the characteristic, period and the industry/regional tradition for all tool modes
Which gender may be more proficient with tool use
Describe Australopethicus (in regards specialization) (+ brain size, period, subspecies)
Small brain: 450 cc
4 - 2 Ma
Other species more specialized?
A. Garhi robust chewing apparatus
A. Sediba: late species, 1,95 Ma, Derived features for striding bipedalism
Describe paranthropus (+ period, brain size, tools)
Brains slightly larger than australopethicus: around 500 cc
Co-exist with homo: 2,3 - 1 Ma
Numerically succesful in some deposits
Found with lithic and bone tools
Analysis suggest precision grip capability
Describe Habilis (period, brain, association/similar)
Brain 700-800 cc
Bipedalism similar to australopethicus
Associated with oldowan
Other species of homo with quite similar characteristics
Give/consider the 3 types of tool-use and its evolutionary role
Habitual: considerable fitness benefits, but limited, formulaic repertoire
Obligatory: non-tool users suffer negative fitness consequences, cannot survice unaided
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