Tutorial title - History 5 aDNA and immune system
12 important questions on Tutorial title - History 5 aDNA and immune system
Name the applications of aDNA in archaeology (5) and Paleo-epidemiology (4)
Sex estimation
Kinship
Genetic ancestry
Social processes and structures
Mobility/migration
Paleo-epidemiology:
Genetic disorders/predisposition
Microbioma/pathogens
Selection
Co-evolution humans-pathogens
Name the issues with ancient DNA
Fragmentation
Loss of DNA
Chemical modification
Contamination:
Other people
Microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
Name the sampling strategies for ancient DNA + when is sampling not possible
For pathogens -> look at teeth
If skull not found -> long bones with thick cortex (shin)
many people were cremated -> sampling impossible
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Give history of sequencing (2006, 2010, mitochondrial/nuclear)
Low detection threshold
Shotgun sequencing, whole genome sequencing
2010: hybridization DNA capture
'fishing' target fragments from DNA extract
Enrich ancient DNA libraries for human DNA: ~ 1.4 million SNPs
Mitochondrial more successful than nuclear
How does climate impact DNA preservation
What is imputation and when is it possible
Only for well sequenced samples
Reliability depends on available reference populations
Describe the 3 types of genetic variation impacting allele frequencies
Selection: natural, sexual, social
Migration/mobility: population replacement, co-existence (subpopulation formation), admixture: mixing of ancestral populations
Describe the selection of Neanderthal DNA in us (positive/negative, speed, frequency)
Immune system, gene expression regulation -> viral response
Pigmentation (UV-response)
Metabolism
Negative (Neanderthal ancestry deserts):
Evolutionary constrained regions of genome
X chromosome (brain, testis expression)
FOXP2 gene (speech, language)
Selection happened fast
Frequency of some neanderthal variants fluctuate in time
What does helminth do in humans
How are ancient helminth infections studied (5)
Pelvic area in burials
Soil in settlements
Macroscopic investigation (eggs/larvae)
Biomolecular investigation
Describe microbiome (+ interaction, influenced by)
interacts with immune system
Composition influenced by lifestyle (environment, diet, exercise, disease, medication)
How are ancient microbiomes reconstructed
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