Summary: History Of Io Research

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• 3 History of IO Research

• 3.1 International Relations Theories Views on IOs

• What is (Neo-)Realisms view on IOs?

  IOs are in the hands of major powers.
  ➔ E.g. the United States (US) saw the World Health Organization (WHO) as a way to advance interests; get access to vaccination markets. Now the US sees China as a competitor and sees the Value of WHO diminishing. Results in the US withdrawing.

• What is (Neoliberal) Institutionalisms view on IOs?

  Argue that the WHO is crucial in reducing transaction costs among states and that the WHO helps share important information (IO as a forum). The US, however, does not value this information anymore and sees the WHO as being more costly than any benefits that they could gain.

• What is liberalisms view on IOs?

  Claims domestic politics matter.
  ➔ E.g. with elections coming up, US President Donald Trump needs to divert attention from his pandemic failures.

• What is social constructivisms view on IOs?

  ➔ E.g. the WHO has developed its own culture (some autonomous bureaucratic behaviour)that member states might be afraid of losing control over. Thus, these member states withdraw from the WHO. However, despite this, the WHO will find other ways to survive.

• Critical theories view on IOs?

  ➔ The WHO has embedded capitalist, patriarchal or imperial power structures that grant imbalanced access to developed and developing countries. The WHO has become too dependent on private companies for a foundation (i.e. the WHO needs to find alternative sources of financing due to low member state contributions).

• 3.2 The Great Debates

• What are the two great debates?

  
  

  1. Why do states cooperate (i.e. create and join IOs?)?
     
  2. What is the role of IOs in world politics?
     

• 3.3 History of IOs Research

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• There is some criticism on global governance, what are the four?

  1. A-historical -> Global governance is linked to the end of the 20th century and may
  neglect similar historical developments that have already taken place earlier).
  2. Analytically Vague: Global governance is about everything. This makes it difficult to
  analyze concrete processes and decision-making that is happening within specific global issues.
  
  3. Normative: Global governance is a rather technical term; it does not reveal the political problematic aspects that the practice of global governance have been causing.
  4. Eurocentric/Americanocentric: Global governance does not consider the important elements in other regions.

• What are international institutions?

  A body of norms, rules, practices that shape the behaviour and expectations of IOs, but do NOT affect their physical character. IOs operate as a form of international institutions and are a specific class.

• What are international regimes?

  Implicit and explicit principles, standards of behaviour, rules and decision-making procedures, where actors’ expectations converge in a given area of IRs. IOs can be included in a regime. Regime literature has also been growing extensively in fields of the environment, trade, migration and human rights.

• An example of international regimes of the nuclear non-proliferation regime (NPT), what are the three norms of this regime?

  
  

  1. Non-Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS), who currently do not possess nuclear weapons will not acquire them.
     
  2. States with nuclear weapons (NW) will pursue disarmament.
     
  3. All states can access nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, under certain
     safeguards.