Health and the People - Modern medicine
24 important questions on Health and the People - Modern medicine
How did the first world war make X-rays more reliable and mobile? (3)
- The original x-rays included unreliable glass tubes and they were located miles from the battlefield
- The 'coolidge' tube was invented which was much more reliable
- Marie Curie developed mobile X-ray units which allowed doctors to transport X-ray equipment
How was Blood-loss overcome? (4)
- Landsteiner discovered blood groups meaning surgeons could perform more successful blood-transfusions.
- Wounds from gunshots and explosives in ww1 made storing blood very important
- In 1914 doctors found sodium citrate so blood could be stored without clotting and the first blood depot was set up at the battle of Cambrai
- In 1946 the British National Blood Transfusion service was established
How did war speed up the development of Plastic Surgery? (3)
- Doctors in France and Germany had been working on skin grafting techniques and they helped Harold Gillies who set up a plastic surgery unit for the British Army
- He worked on reconstructing facial injuries so the patients could appear normal
- He developed the use of pedicle tubes (skin grafting)
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Who was Alexander Fleming?
Who were Florey and Chain? (2)
- A team in Oxford that devised the freeze-drying technique which was an important part of the purification process.
- At first Florey and Chain didn't have the resources to produce penicillin in large amounts.
What happened to Penicillin during WW2? (4)
- Florey knew Penicillin could be vital for wounds however British Firms were too busy making explosives to start mass production.
- The US government gave out grants to business that manufactured penicillin.
- BY 1943 british businesses had also started mass producing penicillin
- After the war the price dropped making it more accessible to the general public.
What developments were chemical companies making?(3)
- Chemotherapy- WW2
- AIDS/HIV treatment- 1987
- SARS treatment
What problems did the pharmaceutical industry face? (4)
- Thalidomide was released without thorough testing and had severe effects on unborn babies.
- The thalidomide tragedy resulting in the Committee on Safety of Drugs to ensure all new drugs were safe.
- High costs to research leading to rare diseases being ignored
- Overuse of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance and around 25,000 people in the EU die every year.
How have transplants become more successful? (3)
- In 1905 the first transplant of the cornea was performed.
- Kidney, Liver, Lungs, Pancreases and Bone marrow can now be transplanted.
- Also the first successful heart transplant was performed in 1967
What are the problems for transplants? (2)
- Early transplants had a low success rate because they lacked immunosuppressants.
- Since the 1970s researchers have developed imunonosupressants making transplants more successful and less likely to be rejected.
How has technology improved modern surgery?(3)
- Led to radiation therapy which uses radiation to kill cancer cells.
- Laser surgery used for eyes, dentistry and cancer.
- Video technology led to the development of keyhole surgery, useful for investigating pain and infertility and leaves less scar and faster recovery
What are alternative treatments? (3)
- Acupuncture and Homeopathy
- They don't have much scientific evidence
- Some doctors now work with a mix of the two to receive the most beneficial outcome.
What was poverty like in the 1900?
What was reported in Booth's report? (4)
- 1889
- Showed 30% of Londoners were in severe poverty
- Impossible to find work
- Wages too low to support family.
What was reported in Rowntree's report?
28% of people in York couldn't afford basic food and housing
What did the government realise needed to improve?
What Liberal reforms improved health by tackling poverty? (5)
- 1906- Free school meals
- 1907- Free school medical inspections
- 1908- Old age pensions
- 1909- Labour exchanges (help unemployed people find work)
- 1911- National Insurance Act passed
How did World Wars create social change? (3)
- Raising Mass Armies made people more aware if the poor health problems as they needed strong healthy armies.
- The evacuation of children increased awareness of richer rural communities of how disadvantages people were in towns and cities.
- After WW2 success to the Labour party which promised Healthcare for everyone and full empolyment
How did WW2 improve housing and health? (3)
- David Lloyd George promised to build 'homes fit for heroes' and council homes were built but many were too expensive
- Due to the recent destruction because of war 800,000 homes were built and demolished the old slums rehousing the 2 million inhabitants.
- Specific Standards were required for new housing including: heating, toilet and enough space
What was the Beveridge report?
What were arguments for opening the NHS in 1948? (3)
- During WW2 the government took control of all hospitals, creating the Emergency Medical Service which was successful
- Would make medical care free and accessible
- Guaranteed hospitals government money rather than having to rely on charities.
What were arguments against opening the NHS? (3)
- Many conservatives believed the cost would be to high
- Doctors didn't want to be controlled by the government and lose a lot of income,
- Many doctors threatened to go on strike.
How popular was the NHS? (3)
- The number of doctors doubled because so many more people had access to healthcare.
- When the conservatives came back into power the NHS was too popular to shut down
- Now services include; A and E, maternity care, pharmacies, dentists, mental health, sexual health.
What challenges does the NHS face today? (4)
- Increase in Life expectancy- older people need more regular medical attention
- Lifestyle choices- smoking, obesity and alcohol can cause illness
- Modern treatments and equipments are expensive
- The cost off NHS is rising rapidly
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