Summary: Homeostasis And Organ Systems

Read the summary and the most important questions on Homeostasis and Organ Systems

• Lecture Autonomic Nervous System

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• Someone faints, do the post-ganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic activity to the arteries and heart decrease or increase? 

  Decrease in the arteries and increase in the heart.
  -->Blood cannot be pushed in the brain as good as it was, so the blood pressure needs to be bigger, so the arteries decrease and the heart’s action increases because blood needs to be pumped much faster and harder, because then the blood can reach it better. When someone faints the blood needs to be pushed faster in the system so the heart rate will increase, but the arteries can not function anymore, so it decreases activity.

• Someone does physical exercise: the pre-ganglionic sympathetic activity to the bronchial smooth muscles of the lungs and vascular smooth muscles of the mesentery are increased or decreased?

  Both increased
  --> The body needs oxygen and consequently much blood to get the right conditions in the lungs, so lungs increase and the mesentery also needs so increase because blood is needed there to let go different enzymes to not let the muscles lactate too much. 

• Case 1 The river of life

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• Composition and function of blood plasma

  Composition: 92% water, 8% plasma proteins and trace amounts of other materials. (albumin, blood-clotting factors, immunoglobulins, lipoproteins, electrolytes)
  Function: Circulates dissolved nutrients, like glucose, amino-acids and fatty acids. And removes waste products, like CO2, urea and lactic acid. 

• Composition and function buffy coat

  Composition: most of white blood cells and platelets
  5 types white blood cells: Lymphocytes (or immunocytes), monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
  
  Function: key role in immune responses, defending body against invaders.

• Composition and function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

  
  Composition: cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin (red color and binds O2), cell membrane composed of proteins and lipids, no nucleus.Function: transport of O2 from lungs to tissue and CO2 from tissue to lungs

• Functions of plasma proteins

  Albumins: contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and carriers for various substances
  Globulins: Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances
  Fibrinogen: Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting
  Transferrin: Iron transport

• Composition and function of interstitial fluid

  Composition: water solvent with sugars, salts, fatty acids, amino acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, waste products, white blood cells and electrolytes. NO proteins. ICF high in sodium, cytosol high in potassium.

• Case 2 Get to the heart of the matter

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• Membrane and layers of the heart wall

  Pericardium: Fibrous and serous (inner)
  Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
  Myocardium: mainly cardiac muscle
  Endocardium: squamous epithelium

• When is Norepinephrine released and what does it do?

  -Released when emotional or physical stressors activate sympathetic nervous system
  - It binds to beta1 receptors in the heart, so threshold is reached more quickly. and SA node fires more rapidly and the hearts responds by beating faster.

• Case 3 Blood...quo vadis?

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• 3 layers of all blood vessels (not the capillaries)

  Tunica intima
  Tunica media
  Tunica externa/adventitial layer