Case 9 Cloaca
7 important questions on Case 9 Cloaca
Layers of the wall of the GI tract
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
- Submucosal nerve plexus
Muscularis externa
- Inner circular layer
- Myenteric nerve plexus
- Outer longitudinal layer
Serosa
- Epithelium (mesothelium)
- Connective tissue
Pancreatic endocrine secretion
Insulin (beta-cells)
Somatostatin (D-cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP-cells)
Pancreatic exocrine secretion
Brush border
- Lactase (lactose into fructose and galactose)
- Maltase (maltose into 2 glucose)
- Sucrase (sucrose into glucose and fructose)
- Trehalase (trehalose into 2 glucose)
- Proteases
- Trypsinogen (activated into trypsin by enterokinase)
- Chymotrypsinogen (activated into chymotrypsin by trypsin)
- Pro-elastase (activated into elastase by trypsin)
- Pro-carboxyperptidase A/B (activated into careoxypeptidases A/B by trypsin)
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Functions of GI tract
- Ingestion
- Propulsion, moving of food
- Mechanical breakdown, increasing the surface area of ingested food
- Digestion, break down complex food molecules to their chemical building blocks.
- Absorption, pass digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph.
- Defecation, eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces.
Mucosal barrier in stomach
- A thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
- Epithelial cells are joined by tight junctions
- Damaged epithelial mucosal cells are shed and quickly replaced
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Inhibits HCl production
Stimulates insulin release
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
Stimulates buffer secretion
Dilates intestinal capillaries
Relaxes intestinal smooth muscle
Increases secretion of pancreas
Inhibits acid secretion of the stomach
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