Immunology - Lecture Thirty One : Innate immunology I
6 important questions on Immunology - Lecture Thirty One : Innate immunology I
What are the 2 types of cells in Granulocytes (innate immune lymphocytes) ?
75% of leukocytes which circulate in the bloodMain function is phagocytosis of pathogensHighly phagocyticNumbers of neutrophils increase when there is infectionMAST CELLS
Line mucosal surfaces (not in blood)Release granules that attract WBC's to areas of tissue damage
What are some examples of phagocytic cells ?
- They develop into macrophages when entering the tissue
- Results in an increase in their phagocytosing ability
- Slightly phagocytic
- Highly phagocytic
- Can be sessile (stationary) or migratory (moves)
- Functions are : phagocytosis, release of chemical messengers and resenting pathogens to T Cells to activate the adaptive immune system
- Phagocytic
- Found in low numbers blood and all tissues in contact with the environment
- Most important cell type to help trigger adaptive immunity responses
What is the composition of the blood ?
- 55% of blood is plasma (proteins, water and solutes)
- 45% is formed elements (platelets, WBC and RBC)
- Bone marrow contains stem cells which undergo hematopoiesis to create more blood cells
The 3 main blood cell lineages are :
- Erythroid (RBC)
- Myeloid - innate immune lymphocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic and platelets)
- Lymphoid - Adaptive immune lymphocytes (B and T Cells)
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How do cells of the immune system travel around the body ?
- Cells are carried in the blood to the tissues where they act
- Lymph fluid is collected from tissues into the lymph vessels
- Lymph vessels drain into the lymph nodes and eventually the lymph fluid drains back into the blood
How are pathogens recognised by innate cells ?
EXAMPLES
- Viruses : Envelope, SsRNA and DsRNA
- Bacteria : Cell wall, lipopolysaccharides, flagella and unmethylated CpG DNA
Toll-like receptors are a type of pattern recognition receptor. They are responsible for recognising PAMPS and then activate the immune response
How is fever reduced ?
- High temperature above 37 degrees
- Occurs due to the resetting of the hypothalamus by pyrogens (IL-1) which are released by immune cells
- IL-1 is released when phagocytes eat pathogens to increase temperature
- Decrease in IL-1 results in decrease in temperature
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