Endocrine System - Lecture Twenty Eight : Cortisol and stress
5 important questions on Endocrine System - Lecture Twenty Eight : Cortisol and stress
Cortisol negative feedback loop
- Stimuli : stress and non-stress (neural inputs – circadian rhythm, low blood glucose) stimuli
- Hypothalamus : secrets corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
- Anterior pituitary : secrets adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Adrenal cortex : secretes cortisol
- Effects :
- Adipose: increase fat breakdown, decrease glucose uptake
- Liver: increase glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)
- Others: helps deal with stress, immunosuppression (in chronically high cortisol), maintains normal blood pressure
- Negative feedback : cortisol negatively feeds back to the anterior pituitary (decrease ACTH) and the hypothalamus (decrease CRH)
What are some examples of cortisol disorders ?
- Caused by hyposecretion of cortisol
- Low cortisol causes the anterior pituitary to increase the release of ACTH. ACTH stimulates melanin synthesis – causing bronzing of the skin
- Other symptoms include low blood glucose, low blood pressure, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, weakness, low blood sodium, and high blood potassium
- Caused by hypersecretion of cortisol
- Symptoms include high blood glucose, high blood pressure, weakness, oedema, muscle wasting, loss of bone mass, and fat deposition in the face, neck, and trunk
Adrenaline negative feedback loop
- Stimulus : stress (sympathetic nervous input)
- Adrenal medulla : secretes adrenaline
- Effects:
- Liver: increase glucose mobilisation (glycogenolysis)
- Adipose: increase fatty acid mobilisation
- Negative feedback : there is no hormonal negative feedback. Adrenaline levels are instead controlled by altering the sympathetic input into the adrenal glands (in the absence of a stressful stimulus)
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What are the components of the stress response?
- Activates the hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus organises a response and activates the:
- sympathetic nervous system
- Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- Body responds
What are integrated stress response ?
- Cortisol
- Adrenaline
- Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): released by the posterior pituitary. Acts on the kidneys to decrease water excretion – leading to an increase in blood volume and therefore, blood pressure
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