Immunology - Lecture Thirty Two : Innate immunology II
4 important questions on Immunology - Lecture Thirty Two : Innate immunology II
What are pathogens killed by in phagocytosis?
- Low pH environment
- Reactive oxygen (hydrogen peroxide) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (NO)
- Enzymes : Proteases. Lipases and nucleases
What are the main features of the complement cascade system ?
Complement proteins are made in the liver and circulate in the blood, in their inactive states. They require activation to have their immune effects.
FUNCTIONS :
Label pathogens/ opsonization : This makes them attractive for phagocytes to engulf themRecruit phagocytes : This done by chemotaxisDestroy pathogens : Done by the lysis of the pathogen
How are the Complement Cascade activated ?
- Classical pathway : This is when the antibodies bound to the pathogen binds to a complement protein
- Alternative pathway : When the pathogen directly binds to the complement protein. The complement binds to the surface or pathogen component and not to an antibody
- Lectin pathway : When the carbohydrate of the microbe or pathogen binds to complement
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What are 3 outcomes of the Complement Cascade?
- Opsonization : microbes are coated with antibodies and complement fragments C3b. This makes them more attractive to phagocytes who want to phagocytose them.
- Destroy : When a microbe or a pathogen has been labeled with C3b are phagocytosed and also attacked by the MAC (membrane attack complex) causing lysis of the pathogen
- Recruit : Phagocytes are attracted to the site of the infection after mast cells degranulate (by C3a and C5a) and releases inflammatory mediators
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