Summary: Human&animal Biology Module A

Read the summary and the most important questions on HUMAN&ANIMAL BIOLOGY MODULE A

• 1 Cell metabolism

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• Anaerobic conditions solution

  - Cells contain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
  -> converts pyruvate into lactate 
  - NADH can unload an electron with this reaction -> 2 ATP produced.  

• 2 Feeding in different animals

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• Animals eat more than they gain:

  - Prey biomass exceeds predator biomass
  - big animals eat low in food chain to minimize energy loss
  - Smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate, so eat more relative to body mass

• Optimized foraging behaviour

  - to challenge the energy gain and cost trade-off
  - for example: a maximal energy gain for the handling time

• Formules optimized foraging behaviour

  - Usefulness= Eblack/T handling, black & E
  - Search time = Tsearch, black & Tsearch, white

• Mammals can be devided into 4 groups

  1. Insectivorous
     
  2. herbivorous
  3. carnivorous
  4. omnivorous 

• Hepatic portal vein

  - Water-soluble materials are carreid to the liver via the hepatic portal vein 

• Control GI tract

  - The GI tract is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system and GI hormones (gastrin, CCK, secretin and GIP)

• Short reflex pathway

  - When a stimulus triggers a response in the GI tract without the central nervous system

• Gastric-phase control/intestinal-phase control

  - a stimulus arising in the stomach or small intestine
  - They work via short or long reflexes or by hormones

• GI smooth muscle

  - can be found in the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa (produces slow waves)