2nd + 3rd trimester & birth
34 important questions on 2nd + 3rd trimester & birth
What happens during 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester?
- 2nd trimester: organ development (fetus appears as human)
- 3rd trimester: rapid growth, all organs are functioning.
What is the difference between development and differentiation during prenatal development?
- Differentiation happens by changes in gene expression
What is the difference between gestational age and fertilization age?
- Fertilization age: age counted from fertilization
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Embryological features are very much alike across the whole animal kingdom. When do the human features appear development?
What is vernix caseosa, and what is its function?
- It has a role in skin hydration and pH regulation (only in the first days after being born)
What are two differences for the abdominal organs of the mother?
- There is increased pressure on the bladder
- The stomach and intestines have less space
What are the blood vessels of the umbilical cord?
What is the function of the vein of the umbilical cord?
What are 6 placental hormones that play a major role in pregnancy?
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- Human placental lactogen (hPL)
- Placental prolactin
- Relaxin
- Progesterone
- Estrogens
What is the function of hCG?
What is the function of placental prolactin?
What is the function of relaxin?
What is the function of progesterone and estrogens?
What is a thing progesterone does during pregnancy?
What are the three main factors that oppose progesterone, and thus play a role in labour?
- A rising estrogen concentration, which makes the uterine wall more susceptible to oxytocin
- Oxytocin concentration rises
- Prostaglandin production, which stimulates oxytocin production and fetal growth.
How is true labor induced?
- Rising levels of estrogens, relaxin, and oxytocin, and
- Fetal growth, and
- Dropping levels of progesterone
What are the four stages of true labor?
2. Expulsion: the head moves out
3. Child birth: the child is completely outside the womb
4. Afterbirth: removal of the placenta
What is the 'transition' in the dilation stage?
What three things happen during afterbirth?
- Exogenous tissue is completely ejected
- Decidua layer from the endometrium is also expelled
- Blood loss because of uterine contractions
How long does the 'afterbirth stage' last?
What helps inducing the afterbirth?
What kind of system is used to check whether a baby is okay or not?
Activity (muscle tone)
Pulse
Grimace
Appearance
Respiration
How is the first feces of the baby called, and what does it consist of?
How is the first breast milk called, and what does it consist of?
Why are breast milk alternatives not as good as real breast milk?
Why can stress prolong or postpone delivery?
What are two examples of non-vertex presentations?
- Breech presentation: not ideal, but can be born normally
- Transverse lie (shoulder presentation): assistance is needed.
What are three possible reasons why the delivery cannot proceed normally?
- Expulsion is not continuing
- Fetal oxygen levels are low
- Pressure of contractions cannot be given for a long time (medical reasons)
What is a risk of a vacuum-assisted delivery?
What are the risks for the mother after a Caesarean section?
- Maternal obesity
- Pregnancy complications
- Embolies
- Blood loss
- Damage to organs
- Risks for upcoming pregnancies
What is a risk for the child after Caesarean section?
What things can be done to extend the pregnancy when the mother gets contractions early on in pregnancy?
- Complete rest
- Corticosteroids (to fasten lung maturity)
- Labor inhibitors, block muscle contractions
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
- has inefficient gas exchange in the lungs
- needs to much energy for respiration
- does not produce a sufficient amount of surfactant (causes inflammation and skar tissue)
The development of which part of the brain is disrupted when a child is born premature?
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