Development psych general
15 important questions on Development psych general
What is meant with discontinuous development?
Specific ways of understanding or how to interact with and react on our environment appear at specific moments in time.
What are the three parts of personality stated by Freud?
- id
- ego
- superego
What did Freud say about pleasure?
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
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Explain classical conditioning using the example of little Albert. Also give the unconditional stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
Unconditional stimulus (US) = noise
Unconditioned response (UR) = crying
Natural stimulus (NS) = rat
Conditioned stimulus (CS) = rat
Conditioned response = crying
What are ways to measure developmental psychology?
- Interviews
- Observations
- Psychobiological measurements (heart beat, stress hormone, body fluids)
What are different study designs for developmental psychology?
- Natural observation
- Experimental method
- Natural experiment
- Developmental experiments
What are 5 types of developmental experiments?
- Cross-sectional
- Longitudinal
- Time-lag
- Cohort-sequential
- Micro-genetic
What is natural observation? What advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages:
- Real children with real behavior are observed
Hard to control for all kind of variables
No causal conclusion
Hard to interpret
What is experimental observation? What are advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages:
Strict control possible
Causal conclusions are possible
Easier to replicate
Disadvantages:
- Artificial environment of lab-context
- Limited in generalization by confounding factors
What are confounding factors?
Operational confounding: a measure designed to assess a particular construct inadvertently measures something else as well
Procedural confounding: the researcher mistakenly allows another variable to change along with the manipulated independent variable
What is meant with a natural experiment? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
A natural experiment makes use of natural occurring scenarios (not under direct control of researcher) that fit a large part of the population.
Advantages:
Naturalistic
Allows almost causal conclusions
Reasonably controlled for age and period
- Hard to carry out (costs (genotyping), drop-out;)
- Allows other interpretations: a risk factor is still a correlation
What are the differences between a cross-sectional design, a longitudinal design, and a time-lag design?
Cross-sectional design: children of different ages are tested at one moment in time
Longitudinal design: the same set of children is tested repeatedly over a specific period
Time-lag design: children of different ages are tested at 2-3 different moments in time (cheaper than longitudinal)
What are normative and non-normative events? Also explain both events.
Normative events: major historic life events (whole group), e.g. hunger winter
Non-normative events: person-specific major life events; e.g. loss of a loved one.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal research?
Advantages
- Not only age effects but individual development
- More causality (increased power of analysis)
Disadvantages
- Biased sampling
- Time consuming
- Expensive
- Loss of participants over time (start with a much higher n-number)
- Data possibly outdated
- Confounding effect of age, period & cohort
What is time-lag research? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Time-lag research studies different age cohorts at 2–3 moments in time.
Advantage
- Relatively cheap
Disadvantage
- Only age differences
- No individual correlations
- Cohort effect
- Age differences possibly attributable to differences in time and place of development (e.g. before or after introduction of computer at home (typically ‘85-’90)), depending on the lag!
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- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
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