Fertilization and hormones to get there

16 important questions on Fertilization and hormones to get there

What is embryological development? What is the study during this time called?

Embryological development occurs during first 2 months after fertilization. Study of these events is called embryology.

What is fetal development?


Fetal development begins at the start of the ninth week and continues until birth.

What happens to most of the binucleated oocytes?

Binucleated oocytes die mostly before reaching maturity.
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What are causes of abnormal sperm?

  • Infections
  • Exposure to toxins
  • Varicocele (veins in scrotum)
  • Fever + extreme heat
  • Lifestyle
  • Drug + alcohol use
  • Testicular abnormalities

Where does fertilization occur and when?

Fertilization does occur in the apulla-isthmus within a day after ovulation.

What are the steps of penetration of zona radiatia & zona pellucida?

  1. Chemoattraction, binding & docking
  2. Acrosomal reaction (=exocytosis)
  3. Hyperactivity & penetration through ZP
  4. Fusion of plasma membrane
  5. Sperm nucleus enters egg cytoplasm

What happens at the first calcium wave that activates the oocyte?

  • Exocytosis of vesicles (cortical granules) located interior to oocyte membrane prevents polyspermy
  • Completion of meiosis II, formation of 2nd polar body
  • Activation of enzymes -> increase in metabolic rate

What is the exact moment of conception?

Conception is the moment where the male and female nucleus fuse to the pronucleus (=amphimixis).

What is typical about steroid hormones?

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. Cholesterol is a lipids, and thus steroid hormones can pass cell membranes.

What is a secondary effect of testosterone?

Testosterone is converted into dyhydro-testosterone (DHT), this causes baldness because it reduces the size of a hair follicle.

What is erectile dysfunction?

Problem in hydraulic effect of blood entering the penis.

What are causes of erectile dysfunction?

  • Cardiovascular
  • Neurological/psychological
  • Hormonal
  • Drugs (of abuse)

How can erectile dysfunction be treated?

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (viagra).

What are the two types of sex pheromones?

  • Signal pheromones
  • Primer pheromones

What are the characteristics of signal pheromones?

Signal pheromones are short-term based, repellant, and attractant.

What are the characteristics of primer pheromones?

Primer pheromones are long-term based, they work on endocrine systems.

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