Skeleton, vertebrae

20 important questions on Skeleton, vertebrae

From what kind of mesoderm are skeletal muscles developed?

Paraxial mesoderm

From what kind of mesoderm is smooth muscle tissue (gut and derivatives) developed?

Visceral layer, lateral plate mesoderm around gut tube

From what kind of layer is smooth muscle tissue (pupil, mammary, and sweat glands) developed?

Ectoderm
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What does sclerotome develop into?

Spinal vertebrae, skull basis

What transcription factors regulate the dermatome (dermis formation)?

PAX3 together with NT3

What is the place where splitting occurs when vertebrae are forming?

The von Ebner's fissure

If you have 8 sclerotomes, how many vertebrae and spinal nerves will form?

8 sclerotome gives rise to 7 vertebrae and 8 spinal nerves.

What forms around the nucleus pulposus?

Annulus fibrosus

Why is the spinal cord not one line of bones?

To allow bending of the column.

When do ribs lengthen?

After 5 weeks

Rib lengthening depends on what? And where does this come from?

Rib lengthening depends on FGF signaling coming from the myotome.

What are the reasons for defects of the spinal vertebrae?

  • Congenital
  • Idiopathic
  • Neuromuscular

What is the ventral root?

The ventral root is the opening in the vertebrae where the spinal cord runs through.

Why are cell bodies of DRG not central nerves?

Cell bodies of the DRG are outside the vertebral column.

What does the most upper sclerotome form?

The most upper sclerotome forms the skull base (occipital bone).

What are the components of the neurocranium?

  • Membranous neurocranium/membrane or dermal bones
  • Cartilaginous neurocranium/endochondral bones

What are pharyngeal arches?

Pharyngeal arches contribute to the formation of the head and neck.

What is the difference between spina bifida occulta and aperta?

Spina bifida occulta is a failure of vertebral arches to form. Spina bifida aperta is a failure of the neural tube to close and vertebral arches do not form properly.

What is the difference between meningocele, myelomeningocele, and rachischis?

Meningocele: fluid-filled meninges protrude.
Myelomeningocele: neural tissue protrudes.
Rachischisis: neural tube not developed

What is the treatment for spina bifida?

Postnatal operations are possible for the meningocele and myelomeningocele (SB aperta) but not for rachischisis. Myelomeningocele has a better treatment outcome when operated prenatally.

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