Perception II
36 important questions on Perception II
What are the key differences between sensation and perception according to the provided information?
- Sensation involves the conversion of physical energy into neural codes that the brain can recognize.
- It is the initial step in gathering stimulus information.
- Not all sensory input is consciously perceived; attention and saliency influence this.
- Perception encompasses processes that go beyond sensation, such as interpreting sensory data.
- This involves processing and organizing raw data, and integrating it with prior knowledge.
- Perception allows for the creation of a coherent representation of the world.
- It also enables problem-solving in real-world contexts, such as navigation, understanding, and planning.
What is bottom-up perception?
How does bottom-up perception work?
- Involves analyzing basic features of sensory information
- Process starts with light, color, shape, and texture
- Builds up to a more complex understanding or recognition of objects and scenes
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How does top-down perception work?
- Relies on higher-level cognitive functions like memory, experience, and expectations.
- * Influences how sensory input is interpreted based on what you already know or expect.
Can you provide an example of top-down perception in action?
- If you expect to see a specific object, your brain might focus on matching features and help you quickly recognize it.
- * This can happen even if the object is partially obscured or not entirely clear in the scene.
What role could top-down perception play in new media design?
- Filling in of information
- Context matters!
- Expectations can shape perception
What is multisensory perception?
- Sensory information combined from different senses
- Forms a coherent whole
- Occurs at early sensory levels
- Perceiving stimuli through multiple sensory modalities
Define multisensory perception according to the APA Dictionary of Psychology.
- Perception of stimuli through several sensory modalities
- Utilizes different senses like seeing, hearing, and touching
- Not restricted to one modality
What is audio-visual integration and provide an example of it?
- Integration of auditory and visual inputs
- Example: McGurk effect, where perception of speech sound is influenced by accompanying sight of speaker's lips
How does the brain process speech in a multisensory way?
What is a key aspect of multisensory integration in the context of audio-visual integration?
- Localisation of sounds (e.g., approaching car)
- Understanding of speech
- Faster detection of stimuli (superadditivity) if presented close enough together in time
Which sensory modality is more crucial for localization according to multisensory integration?
- Vision is more important for localization
- Auditory information is more important for knowing when something happens in time
How many key aspects are mentioned for multisensory integration in the context of audio-visual integration?
What is the importance of vision and auditory information in multisensory integration?
- Vision is crucial for localization
- Auditory information is essential for understanding timing
What aspects contribute to the strongly multisensory experience of taste?
- Smell and temperature
- Texture and color
- Sound during chewing
- Previous experiences and memories
How can digital media use affect selective attention and task switching?
- Can lead to media multitasking
- Detrimental effects on selective attention
- Detrimental effects on task switching
- Exposes users to multiple simultaneous sensory inputs
According to Lui & Wong (PBR, 2012), how can multitasking through digital media affect multisensory integration?
- Multitasking may enhance multisensory integration
- Exposure to multiple sensory inputs
- Positive impact on processing information from different senses
What are crossmodal correspondences?
- Sensory feature from one modality matched with another modality
- Can be physically present or imagined
- More easily processed and recognized when a 'fit'
How can the lack of smell, taste, and touch experiences in digital media be addressed?
• Technical solutions
What characterizes individuals with sensory processing sensitivity?
- Ease of overstimulation
- Differential experiences of bottom-up sensory input
- Deeper information processing
- Increased emotional reactivity
- Detecting more subtleties in their environment
What are the two extremes of mental imagery abilities?
- Aphantasia (lack of visualization)
- - Hyperphantasia (highly vivid mental imagery)
How does mental imagery influence product evaluation?
- It affects preferences and choices
- - Enhances customer engagement and recall
- - Influences perception of product attributes
What is the role of mental imagery in product evaluation according to Krishna et al. (2016)?
- Mental imagery involved in product evaluation
- Examples: imagined touch, visual imagery triggering imagined use
- Significant impact on how products are perceived
What are the characteristics of synaesthesia in general according to Ward et al's study in 2003?
- Specific sensory stimuli result in additional experiences
- Experiences are involuntary, automatic, and uni-directional
- Idiosyncratic and stable over time, often present since childhood
- Prevalence can be as high as 4%
What does the left side of the slide illustrate about mirror-touch synaesthesia in the study conducted by Fitzgibbon, NBR, 2012?
- The left side displays three sets of images, each containing a hand and an object: a Q-tip, an apple, and a needle.
- These images likely represent stimuli used to study the sensory responses in individuals with mirror-touch synaesthesia.
What do the bar graphs on the right side of the slide indicate concerning the emotional response in mirror-touch synaesthesia based on valence?
- The bar graphs show the negative-positive valence rating differences between synaesthetes (syn) and controls (con).
- Statistical significance is marked with asterisks, indicating a stronger emotional response to both negative and positive stimuli in synaesthetes.
Infer the implications of the examples and data presented for understanding the experience of mirror-touch synaesthesia.
- Individuals with mirror-touch synaesthesia may experience heightened emotional responses when witnessing touch.
- The study's images and data suggest a correlation between visual stimuli and emotional valence in synaesthetes.
What does the provided material illustrate about pitch-brightness in synaesthesia?
- Synaesthetes perceive pitches as having different shades of brightness or color.
- Piano, Sine, and String sounds have distinct color mappings for synaesthetes.
- Control subjects do not experience pitch as colors in a consistent pattern.
- Colors perceived by synaesthetes generally brighten as pitch increases.
What are some clinical aspects associated with autism?
- Sensory hyper- and hypo-sensitivity
- Sensory overload, challenges in filtering information
- Communication (verbal/non-verbal) and language challenges
- Inclusive design challenges
- Neurodiversity in general (ADHD, HSP, dyslexia, etc)
- New media provide opportunities for assistance (e.g., serious games)
What is aesthetic experience according to Hekkert (2006)?
How do certain form factors influence the pleasure of senses in new media product design?
- Certain form factors influence pleasure of the
- - Visual
- - Auditory
- - Tactile senses.
Why is it important to humans to like or dislike in itself (e.g., liking a product without considering its function)?
- Aesthetic phenomena influence our emotions, behaviors, and decisions.
- Liking things without considering function can enhance social status, self-expression, or emotional satisfaction.
What is the relation between aesthetics and usability?
- Aesthetic quality can make engineering products more readily acceptable
- A marketing instrument: unable to look old-fashioned among visually attractive products
- Signal group status
- The aesthetic usability effect:
- Perceived as easier to use, generating positive reviews and increasing sales
- Tolerate faults better, resulting in reduced support calls and increased loyalty.
How can we study aesthetics using empirical approaches?
• Manipulate isolated elements of an object/form
• Test effect on human preferences
- Exploratory approach:
• Evaluate complete and naturalistic stimuli
• Characterize stimuli and rate for beauty
• Use factor analysis to determine latent variables
What is the relation between aesthetics and usability in a computational approach?
What field of study is represented in the visuals?
- Neuroaesthetics is a field that utilizes brain-scanning technology and brain wave monitoring to understand the neural basis for aesthetic experiences.
- Technologies such as MRI machines and EEG are commonly used in this field.
- MRI machines help visualize brain structure and function.
- EEG monitors electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp.
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