Learning and HRD

11 important questions on Learning and HRD

Learning is mainly based on association. Name the 3 basic learning principles:

1 Contiguity (nabijheid): objects need to be together/associated to be learned.
2 Law of effect: behavior that is followed by a pleasurable consequence is likely to be repeated.
3 Practice: repeating an action in an association wil increase the strength of it.

According to Gagne training could be improved by using principles, which 3?

1 Task analysis: analyze a task into a set of distinct component (onderscheiden componenten) tasks,
2 Component task achievement: each component task must be fully achieved in order to perform the entire task correctly.
3 Task sequencing: the learning situation should be arranged so that each of the component task is learned in the appropriate order.

A personals characteristics will influence how he learns new tasks/information. Three characteristics are trainability, personality and attitudes. What is trainability?

Motivation X Ability X Perceptions of the work environment. Focus on the trainee's readiness to learn + his level of ability/motivation/perceptions. It is really important: when a employee isn't motivates/prepared etc., training will not be succesful.
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A personals characteristics will influence how he learns new  tasks/information. Three characteristics are trainability, personality  and attitudes. What are attitudes?

Noe suggested that an attitude impact learning. Other research also mentioned job involvement, expextations for training and trainee confidence.

A personals characteristics will influence how he learns new  tasks/information. Three characteristics are trainability, personality  and attitudes. What is personality?

Personality traits that are related to learning include locus of control, need for achievement, activity, independence and sociability.

Training design involves adapting the learning environment to maximize learning. What does training design invlude? (2)

1 The conditions of practice that influence learning. These are: active practice, massed vs. spaced practice (spaced is better), whole vs part learning, overlearning, knowledge of results, task sequencing (subtasks + thaught in a approprate sequence)

2 The factors that impact retention of what is learned is influences by 3 issues:
A Meaningfulness of material (does it make sense etc.)
B Degree of original learning
C Interference
- Material learned before the training
-Material learned after the training

What are the identical elements?

The principle of identical elements suggests that training transfer is optimal when training and real life situations contain identifcal elements. But the general principles theory suggests that learning fundamental elements of a task will ensure transfer from training.

What is the adult learning theory?

More two-way communication. Adult training is more flexible, open and developmental.

Whereas traditional learning theorists focused on describing what happens in learning situations, intructional theorists focus on what must be done before learning can take place. Describe learning, according to instructional psychologists, in four steps:

1 Describe the learning goal
2 Analyze the initial state of the learner (what does he already know)
3 Identify the conditions that allow the learner to gain competence
4 Assess and monitor the learning process to determine progress and whether alternative techniques should be used.

Which 6 factors are involved in decisions to participate in training?

1 Will training result in benefits?
2 Way in which trainee vieuws own abilities
3 Negative events on the job prior to training
4 Perceptions of support for training
5 Lack of obstacles in applying training on the job
6 Characteristics of the organization.

The more similar the training and the performance situations, the better the transfer. Two factors are physical and psychological fidelity. Describe these terms:

1 Phisical fidelity = extent to which the conditions of the training program are the same as in the performance system
2 Psychological fidelity (getrouwheid) = Extent to which trainees attach similar meanings to both the training and performance situations

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