Development/gene expression
26 important questions on Development/gene expression
What are the 5 fylotypic stages and what happens?
2. blastula: during cleavages a blastula with blastocoel develops
3. gastrulation: formation of 3 germ layers via migration of cells and archenteron
4. organogenesis: neurolation incl formation of the 4th germ layer (the neural crest), formation of organs and initiation of growth
5. growth: reaching adult shape and size
During cleavages and blastula the vegital pole and animal pole develop, what are they?
animal pole: the cranial side where the animal will develop
What are telocithal eggs and what kind of cleavage is this?
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What happens during the third/fourth cleavage?
- 8 cells in total -> 2 ventral micromeres, 2 dorsal micromeres, 2 ventral macromeres, 2 dorsal macromeres
What happens during late cleavages?
- blastomeres at the animal pole contain less yolk so they divide faster than blastomeres at the vegital pole -> this makes a wave like movement
What is the function of blastula cells in blastula stage?
During gastrulation there are 3 types of celmigratidon. What are they and what is the function ?
2. involutie: instroming cellen door oermond die blastocoel opvullen
3. convergentie: cellen bewegen richting the dorsal meridian
What kind of cleavages have these animals?
sea star - frog - worm - chick - mouse
- Frog: radial holoblastic cleavage, Mesolecithal egg Animal pole
- Nemertean worm: spiral holoblastic cleavage, Isolecithal egg
- Chick: discoidal meroblastic cleavage, Telolecithal egg
- Mouse: Rotational holoblastic cleavage, Isolecithal egg
What are the 3 stages of neurulation?
2. neural groove
3. neural tube -> forms from the neural plate, the edges rise up, fold and join together. it forms the spinal chord and spinal motor nerves
What is the neural crest?
On what side is the neural crest in the body and why is that important?
What is the 'vertebrate head'?
What is the correct order of events in the development of the nervous system?
2. cells differentiate to neurons
3. cells connect to their targets
4. cells regime the synapses
What develops from the entoderm?
What is cell induction?
When we talk about activating numerous morfogenes that lead to initiating gastrula movements, differentiation of the dorsal mesoderm and induce of neural tube we talk about:
What is the Spermann-Mangold-organizer?
-determines the anterior-posterior axis
What does a morfogen do?
What is are 4 functions of proteins?
-transfer signals
-require energy
-copy DNA/RNA
What happens when you change DNA?
What is homeobox? and Homeotic?
Homeotic: an adjective, used to name the genes that possess a homeobox and their mutations. transcription factors are synthesized by homeotic genes.
definition from the book: The homeobox produces the part of a protein that attaches to the DNA of other genes, activating or blocking their expression.
What are HOX-genes and when are they expressed?
first expressed during embryonic development, but remain expressed throughout adult life
In what 2 ways are hoxgenes homologous?
-paralogous genes: homologous because how genes duplicated
Imagine chording is a transcription protein produced by future notochord cells. If we would now block chords, what would happen?
What is the chorda and what 3 things does it forms?
1. paraxial: wervels, skeletspieren, dermis
2. intermediar: kidneys
3. lateral: vertral mesoderm, coelom ontstaat
What is the difference between direct and indirect development?
indirect: young develop into various larval stages capable of feeding themselves, little yolk-> isolecithal/mesolecithal
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