Autonomic nervous system
26 important questions on Autonomic nervous system
What are the differences between the para- and sympathetic nervous system?
- cranioscral, because it originates in either the brainstem, or the sacral spinal chord
- ganglia near organs, neurons are relatively long and terminate in ganglia located near the organ
symp: fight or flight
- thoracolumbal, because the neurons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal chord
- ganglia near the spinal chord
What are the 2 neurons in the autonomic pathways?
- originates in the CNS,
- projects to automatic ganglion (synaptic contact)
- short axons that originate in the lateral horn of the spinal chord and exit the spinal chord in the ventral root
- white rams
- myelinated
2nd neuron, postganglionic neuron
- soma in ganglion
- projects to tarter tissue
- C fibers
- grey rams
- no myeline
What is divergence in neurons?
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What kind of neurons does the sympathetic nervous system have?
-> the sympathy-adrenal system is an exception!
What is the symptom-adrenal system?
- adrenal medulla consists of chromaffin cells
- postganglionic neuron sympathetic nervous system
- secretes (nor)epinephrine directly to the blood -> wide spread distribution throughout the body
What do sympathetic preganglionic neurons do with chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?
What kind of neurons does the parasympathetic nervous system have?
- postganglionic ganglia near or in target organs -> terminal ganglia
- long preganglic neuron, short postganglionic neuron
- nervus vagus, the most important nerve -> zwervende zenuw, comes from the cooer part of the spinal chord and goes through the upper body and innervate your organs
- mostly active during rest
How is blood pressure regulated in the ANS when a person stands up? describe 6 steps
- lower limbs: force of gravity causes blood to pool
- systematic arteries: decreases blood pressure
- visceral receptors: detect decrease in blood pressure
- afferent pathway: decreases frequency of action potentials
- cardiovascular control centre in medulla oblongata: integration -> decrease in parasympathetic activity, increase in sympathetic activity
- heart and blood vessels: increase in blood pressure
Which receptors does the sympathetic nervous system have?
- preganglionic: acetylcholine, ACH
- postganglionic: (nor)epinephrine, NE
What is the function of the receptor acetylcholine?
What is the function of the receptor (nor) epinephrine?
What are 2 types of cholinergic receptors?
- nicotinic for skeletal muscles -> opens Na+/K+ channels, depolarization
- muscarinic: are couples to G proteins and second messengers -> excitatory or inhibitory
What is the meganism of a nicotinic receptor?
What is a adrenergic receptor (norepinephrine) and what subdivide does it have?
- located in effector organs in the sensory nervous systems
- G protein activate or inhibit second messenger systems
What is the function of an alpha-adrenergic?
What is the function of alpha-2-adrenergic receptor and Beta-adrenergic in relation to the cAMP messenger system?
What are the effector organs and what is the effect on the effector organ from alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2 receptors?
- alpha 1: vascular smooth muscle, pupils -> excitatory
- alpha 2: CNS, adipose tissue, vascular smooth muscle, autoreceptors -> excitatory
- beta 1: CNS, cardiac muscle, kidneys -> excitatory
- beta 2: some blood vessels, respiratory tract, uterus -> inhibitory
- beta 3: adipose tissue -> excitatory
What adrenergic receptor inhibits cAMP in signal transduction mechanism?
What is the neuro-effector-junction?
What are varicosities in the release of neurotransmitter over the surface of target cells?
-> neurotransmitters are synthesized and then stored in vesicles
-> no myelin sheet!!
What is the somatic nervous system -motoric (efferent)? name 6
- controls skeletal muscles
- voluntary nervous system
- only 1 neuron with its soma in the CNS and axon to the skeletal muscle -> single motor neuron
- axons sometimes very long -> feet/hands
- stimuli always excitatory
- synaps on muscle fiber
Where is the motor neuron in the somatic nervous system located?
- cell body in the brain or in the ventral horn of the spinal chord
- innervate directly and only skeletal muscles
- neurotransmitter = ACH, allows muscle fibers to relax
- receptors muscles = nicotinic ACH receptors, because nicotinic receptors are linked to skeletal muscles
What is a motor unit in the somatic nervous system?
- 1 motorneuron innervares multiple muscle fibers
- 1 muscle fiber is innervated by only 1 motorneuron
What is the process of a motor neuron and what is the relation with an End Plate Potential?
-> this is called an EndPlate Potential, EPP
What is the process of innervation in the somatic nervous system?
- arrival action potential
- CA2+ influx
- exocytose of ACH
- binding ACH- nAchR
- end plate potential
- action potential
- ACH esterase
- re-uptake choline
What is the relation between the autonomic and somatic nervous system?
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