L7: Hydrological Extremes
6 important questions on L7: Hydrological Extremes
Name the types of floods caused or influenced by precipitation
- Fluvial floods
- Flash floods
- Pluvial floods
- Groundwater floods
- Urban floods
What characterises a fluvial flood?
- Rain or snowmelt cause water level and river discharge to rise above baseflow
- Large river floods typically occur after extended periods of rain over large areas
- In Norway we distinguish between
- Spring floods (or snow-melt floods)
- Autumn floods (or rain floods)
What characterises a flash flood?
- Extreme precipitation (or rapid snowmelt) generate large amount surface runoff (stormwater)
- Sm,all streams may turn into torrential rivers
- Typically occur on smaller spatiotemporal scales than river floods
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What characterises a pluvial flood?
- Ponding of water due to rainfall intensities exceeding infiltriation capacity of the ground
- Can occur anywhere in the terrain (water collects in depressions, away from usual water sources)
- May lead to overland flow/ surface runoff - also along ''unexpected paths
What characterises a flgroundwater flood?
- Flooding of low areas (or basements) due to emergence of water table
What characterises a urban flood?
- Failure of urban stormwater management system (not able to evacuate large amounts of stormwater)
- Associated with intense rainfall and limited infiltration (impervious surfaces)
- All types of floods can occur in an urban setting
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