Summary: Iid
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Read the summary and the most important questions on IID
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1 Innate immuntity
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What are the components of innate immunity?
1. Cells
- Epithelial barriers – Defensins and cathelicidins (antibiotics)
• Phagocytes and other cells – Macrophages – Neutrophils – Dendritic cells
• Specialized lymphocytes with limited diversity (“innate lymphoid cells”) – NK cells, iNKT cells – B1 and Marginal Zone B cells
2. Soluble components - Complement, pentraxins (CRP), collectins (MBL), cytokines/chemokines (e.g. TNF/IL-8) -
1.1 Phagocytosis
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Which cells are capable of phagocytosis?
Monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells.
In special circumstances, eosinophils, B-cells and epithelial cells are also able to do phagocytosis -
What are the stages of phagocytosis?
1. Recognition
2. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
3. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
4. Formation of a phagosome
5. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome ot form a phagolysosome
6. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
7. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
8. Discharge of waste materials -
1.1.1 Pinocytosis
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What is the function of pinocytosis?
Bring in nutrients and aid cell osmoregulation -
What is the mechanism of pinocytosis
The internalisation of molecules by non-specific invagination of the plasma membrane dependent on external concentration -
1.3 Receptors
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What are the ligands of TLR-2: TLR-6 heterodimer?
- Lipomannans (mycobacteria)
- Lipoproteins (diacyl lipopeptides; triacyl lipopeptides)
- Lipoteichoic acids (gram-positive bacteria)
- Cell-wall beta-glucans (bacteria and fungi)
- Zymosan (fungi) -
What are the ligands of TLR-3?
Double-stranded RNA (viruses), poly I:C -
What are the ligands of TLR-4 (plus MD-2 and CD14)?
- LPS (Gram-negative bacteria)
- Lipoteichoic acids (Gram-positive bacteria) -
What is the ligand of TLR-9?
DNA with unmethylated CpG (bacteria and herpesviruses) -
What is the ligand of TLR-10?
Unknown (human only)
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