Defence against viruses - Important concepts

4 important questions on Defence against viruses - Important concepts

What is the difference between an antiserum and an antitoxin?

Antiserum is a serum that contains protective antibodies, and an antitoxin is a serum that protects against a toxin.

What is the difference between passive and active vaccinations?

Passive immunity (or vaccination) is when protective antibodies are transferred to someone, is mostly given as a preventative treatment, while active immunity (vaccination) the result is of an immune response of a person that is exposed to an antigen that is injected.

How does herd immunity protect us from getting sick or let a sickness disappear?

Therefore, a critical amount of the population needs to get vaccinated. For measles is that 95%. When that many people of the population are vaccinated the people who aren’t vaccinated are protected by the vaccinated people and thus limit or prevents the spreading of a virus and thus the disappearing of disease.
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What is the most used adjuvant and how does it work?

Aluminum (alum) recruit APC, then activates PRR (TLR & NOD) which induces inflammasome activation (Alum). The cytokine production promotes antibody production.

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