Allergy (Nawijn)
24 important questions on Allergy (Nawijn)
What kind of reaction or disease are type IgE-mediated allergic reactions?
- acute urticaria
- hay fever
- asthma
- food allergy
What does IgE immediate hypersensitivity (type I) lead to?
How does IgE-mediated immunty respond to helminthic parasited?
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How are Th2 cells critical for an IgE response?
Why do allergens induce an IgE response when most proteins do not?
- Proteins, often carbohydrate side chains
- Enzymatically acitve
- Low dose
- Low molecular weight
- Highly soluble
- Stable
- Contains peptides that bind host MHC class II
Allergens often are proteolytically (enzymatically) active, which is thought to contribute to allergenicity through inducing tissue damage and loss of epithelial barrier function at mucosal surfaces.
Describe this process
2) The enzyme Der p 1 cleaves occludin in tight junction
3) Der p 1 is taken up by dendritic cells for antigen presentation and Th2 priming
4) Der p 1-specific IgE binds to mast cell; Der p 1 triggers mast-cell degranulation
By what sort of antigens is Th2 cell differentiation induced?
Venom
Allergens in atopic individuals
What are atopic individuals?
Atopy may have a hereditary component, although contact with the allergen or irritant must occur before the hypersensitivity reaction can develop.
Maternal psychological trauma in utero may also be a strong indicator for development of atopy.
Th2 cells can have different effector functions. Which are the effector functions expressed by the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13?
--> B cell activation (antibody production
--> Alternative macrophage activation (enhanced fibrosis/tissue repair)
--> Intestinal mucus secretion and peristalsis
IL-5
--> Eosinophil activation
IL-13
--> Alternative macrophage activation (enhanced fibrosis/tissue repair)
--> Intestinal mucus secretion and peristalsis
What does IgE do to mast cells?
Degranulation is a cellular process that releases antimicrobial cytotoxic or other molecules from secretory vesicles called granules.
What are the components of a FcƐRI molecule and what do they bind?
Each FcƐRI molecule is composed of an α chain that binds the Fc region of IgE and a β chain and two γ chains that are responsible for signaling.
alpha chain: binding Fc region of IgE
beta chain and two gamma chains: signalling
What cytokine has to be present for a CD4+ helper T cell to differentiate into a Th2 cell?
Th2 cell differentiation is largely unexplained. It needs the cytokine IL-4, which cells are probably responsible for the source of early IL-4?
What effect do helminthic parasites have the mucosal epithelium?
How can allergens activate DCs to induce type-2 immunity?
Enhanced migration of DCs to lymph nodes and activation of Th2 cells.
Epithelial cytokines signalling epithelial damage are critical, which are they?
What innate lymphoid cells get activated by tissue damage (through which cytokines), and what cytokines do they express after activation (and which don't!!)
ILC2s can produce IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, just like Th2 cells, but not IL-4!!
What transcription factors are probably involved in Th2 differentiation?
What are the 3 responses of mast cells from IgE cross-linking with FcεRI
- Synthesis and secretion of lipid mediators (cause vasodilation, vascular leak, bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and intestinal hypermotility)
- Synthesis and secretion of cytokines
What is responsible for the immediate allergic response?
What is responsible for the late phase allergic response and how long does it take to occur?
What is the current treatment of allergic asthma?
Bronchodilation
Epi-pen
Treatment of atopic disorders.
What is the critical cell population to achieve tolerance?
What cytokines do regulatory T cells express to achieve tolerance?
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