Evaporation and distillation - Multistage distillation - Distillation cascades

4 important questions on Evaporation and distillation - Multistage distillation - Distillation cascades

Why is a countercurrent cascade called countercurrent?

Because the liquid and vapor streams go in opposite direction.

How can two end products of high purity be obtained with flash distillation?

By cascading several flash drums and recycling all streams that are not pure yet.

What is the advantage of a distillation column over cascaded flash drums?

In distillation columns there is a continuous heat exchange between passing streams. It is harder to achieve this in a cascade than in a single column.
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How is a high purity of the distillate and residue achieved in a distillation column?

By partially condensing the vapor stream and returning it to the first stage. This is called the reflux.
And by partially reboiling the residue and returning it to the bottom stage. This is called the boilup.

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