Summary: Infectious

Read the summary and the most important questions on Infectious

• 1 Introduction and concepts

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• What means one health?

  - For people, animals and ecosystem. 
  - Integrated; so different sectors and disciplines work together. 
  - Take moving communities in account 
  - Communication, collaboration and coordination = capacity building   

• What is the aim of epidemiology?

  The frequency of occurrence of a disease is influenced by a large number of determinants. 
  AIM: manipulate the determinants to reduce the frequency

• What are intrinsic and extrinsic determinants?

  Intrinsic: from the host and from the infectious agent.
  Extrinsic: temprature, rainfall etc.

• What is virulence? How is it statisticly quantified?

  A determinant intrinsic to the infectious agent.
  How higher the virulence how bigger the ability to cause a disease in the host.  
  
  LD50 = lethal dose 
  individual dose or number of the agent which will kill 50% of the specified population.

• Name different factors of the host that cause resistance against virulent agent?

  Genetics, immune status, nutritionals status.

• Describe the terms endemic, epidemic and pandemic. And some subgroups of these terms.

  Endemic: with predictable regularity. 
  Epidemic: occurs in excess of its normal expected frequencies. 
  Pandemic: epidemic but more countries or the whole globe.

• 2 Chain of infection & categories of infectious disease agents

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• What are the six etiological groups of agents?

  1. Metazoa 
     
  2. Protozoa 
  3. Fungi 
  4. Bacteria 
  5. Rickettsia 
  6. Viruses 
  7. Prions 

• What is a metazoa and name three examples of metazoa.

  A metazoa is a multicellular animal: life within an organism (endoparasites)
  Include: flatworms, tapeworms, trematodes and roundworms.
  
  Three diseases that they cause are:
  - Trichinellosis: intestinal round worm; by undercooked meat; you get it through eating 
  - Hookworm: intestinal helminth worm; transmitted by faeces-contaminated water and soil (warm and moist); you get it because is goes through your skin 
  - Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): blood fluke (flatworm); contaminated water; you get it because it goes through your skin

• In what groups can you divide rickettsial infections?

  Nog doen

• How is trichinellosis spread? What was the first animal that was the host?

  Infected larvae are transferred from host to host by the consumption of raw undercooked meat. The larvae are intramuscular parasits.
  
  - T. Spiralis-infected swine.