History on vaccines

10 important questions on History on vaccines

Who is Robert Koch?

The one that discovered bacteria causing anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera.
He has written the Koch's postulates.

Who his Louis Pasteur?

He developed artificially weakened microorganisms, leading to the discovery of live-attenuated vaccines.

Who is Geert Reinders?

He was a farmer and cattle trader from Groningen and he discovered passive (maternal) immunity.
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Who is Edward Jenner?

The founding father of vaccination in 1796.

What was the first vaccination?

Jenner took material from a cowpox infected milkmaid and rubbed this on a boy's arm (James) that had been scratched. After 6 weeks this boy was protected against smallpox.

What happened in 1952?

Salk developed an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

What happened in 1961?

Sabin developed 'live' oral polio vaccine (OPV) which was a major breakthrough.

What can you tell about smallpox eradication?

In 1967, the WHO started an intensive campaign to eradicate smallpox from the world. At that time, smallpox was still endemic in 31 countries with 15 million patients and 2 million deaths annually. By various measures, including vaccination with live attenuated 'vaccinia' virus, smallpox was eradicated in 10 years. In 1977, a Somalian man was the very last patient who acquired smallpox naturally. On the 9th of December 1979, WHO experts signed the document in which the world was declared free from smallpox.

What can you tell about polio eradication?

In 1988, the WHO started a program to eradicate polio globally. In 2002, Europe was declared polio-free after a last case in the Netherlands. In October of 2019, type 3 polio had been eradicated in Africa. As of right now, only wild-type polio type 1 is present in Pakistan & Afghanistan.

What can you tell about the history of vaccination hesitance?

In 1818 there was a mandatory smallpox vaccination in public schools in the Netherlands. Capadose published a critical remark on vaccination in 1823, called 'combating the vaccine'. He said that it was not the healthy who need a doctor but the sick. Capadose was part of the Reveil (an international religious revival-basis for Christian democrats). The conclusion of the Reveil was that a vaccine could be seen as a shield with which the guilty man thought he could protect himself against the blows of God's disciplinary rod.

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