Mosquitoes as vector of disease and changing global distribution
16 important questions on Mosquitoes as vector of disease and changing global distribution
Which three vector-born diseases are high in severity?
- Malaria (216 million cases annually)
- Dengue (50-100 million cases annually
Two phenotypes (fever = selflimiting, but second time = dengue hemorrhagic fever = fatal) (=makes vaccination more difficult)
- Yellow fever (200.000 cases annually)
How do we call a vector born disease by a mosquito? And which other species?
Ticks and fleas.
Which three mosquito (most common) take a blood meal in human? And where do mosquitos lay their eggs?
Culex: dawn and dusk and night. West Nile virus
Aedes: Active during the day. Chikungunya, semliki forest virus, dengue, yellow fever, west nile virus.
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What are the two main species of aedes?
Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito)
Name characteristics of Aedes aegypti (3).
- Lifes in warm regios
- More distribution in the past 25 years
- Because of climate change it probably can spread across southern Europe
- It is well established in southern regions of the US
- important vector in urban areas
- Bites indoors
- Sneaky biter
Name characteristics of Aedes albopictus
- Less sensitive to cold/warm areas
- Larger role in transmission in the US
- Not so much in urban areas (peridomestics)
- Bites outside
- Aggressive biter
What is a risk when mosquito species change and establish themself in different regio's?
For which diseases the spread is increasing globally?
West Nile virus
Zika virus
Chikungunya virus
Where do we see the most incidence of the vector borne-diseases?
South america
Asia
What is important, in the ability of the virus transmit themself from the mosquito to the human? And the ability to stay alive in the mosquito?
- Temperature.
- Environment factor where the mosquito lives.
- Is the mosquito physiology correct
- Type of mosquito
What are the different way the arbovirus can be biological transmitted?
- Vertical
- Horizontal
From a vertebrate host into the mosquito and the other way around (via a bloodmeal).
What does the mosquito uses during infecting humans?
So the virus must find their route to the saliva glands.
Why do we humans help mosquitoes taking the blood?
Which part of the mosquito is important for the virus? And how does the virus replicates itself?
1. Mosquito gets infected by taking a bloodmeal.
2. Virus goes to the hemoceol (main body cavity and midgut. One in the hemoceol it can get to ovaries and salivary glands through circulating fluid.
3. Replication in the salivary glands.
Tell something about the life cycle of a mosquito. (2)
- Female => lay eggs on water surface (natural or just water in urban areas)
- Virus can overwinter in the immature stages.
Which situations in the world have impact on mosquitoes as vector.
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