Memory & Attention & Conciousness
31 important questions on Memory & Attention & Conciousness
What is the digit span and how is it used in the phonological loop of working memory or short term memory span.
The short term memory span, or according to the model of Baddeley, phonological loop of working memory are words people can keep in mind for a brief period and report back accurately.
What is the difference between the amount that can be remembered in the digit span and working memory span?
It could be an arithmetic sentence to solve or a sentence to remember the last word in.
Why can the short term memory span be called the phonological loop of working memory and how does it differ culturally?
Chinese speakers have longer digit spans than english, difference noticable as early as four years. They have shorter digit names that can be articulates more quickly than english.
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
How can you demonstrate the importance of a working memory by performing two tasks such as driving a car and talking on a cell phone?
- In an simulated driving experiment by Strayer & Johnson, double the driving mistakes were made.
What two processes can mental processes (mentale processen) be divided in and what is considered dual processing?
Effortful processes - more often concious
Automatic processes - often unconcious
What does damage to the prefrontal lobe look at and how was this shown in the case of Phineas cage.
He could still walk, talk, eat but had a major shift in personality control. People didn't recognise him.
People with prefrontal lobe damage usually do badly in tasks like the Wisconsin Cart Sorting task, have issues with planning, decisions and regulating emotion.
What are the two categories in explicit or declarative memory and what does it contain
The two categories are episodic (memories) and semantic. (words)
What is the model of the minds network of storage and how does it look? (loftus & Collins)
What is the stroop interference effect an example of and how does it compare to the wisconsin card sorting task?
The amygdala plays a role in the fast thinking, which is also used in the Wisconsin card sorting task where the rules aren't explicitly told and is only provided feedback
How does the case of H.M prove there are different memory stores and how can you have semantic memory without episodic memory?
Even though he could not store new active memories, his skills could improve and he could create new procedural memories.
The amnesia H.M had is called temporal lobe amnesia.
What is the Stroop experiment/test?
There were distractions/interferences to make it harder, the word yellow might have been in the colour blue, or the word truck in the colour red. It was a timed experiment.
What is the similarity between the stroop interference and the ponzi & muller-lyer illusion?
What are the two types of Temporal lobe amnesia and what is the other amnesia that occurs in people?
The other type is infantile amnesia, the inability to remember words from infancy which ceases at 4. May be related to developing prefrontal cortex fuctioning.
What is pre-attentive processing and what are the two types of evidence for this?
The two types of evidence for preattentive processing is selective listening and selective viewing.
What does the research on selective-listening and selective viewing prove us?
It tells us we screen out information unconciously, checking if they're irrelevant sounds when focussing on tasks.
The cocktail party phenomenon talks about hearing a person say your voice in a crowded noisy room and possible the first two words before that, even though you weren't paying attention and the gorilla experiment is a youtube video where you watch players pass the ball and disregard the gorilla that comes on screen.
How is selective viewing shown by radiologists with x-rays and how is it used by magicians and pickpockets?
Magicians and pickpockets use this unintentional blindness. To perform their skill or rob you. Unintentional blindness happens less with dangerous situations.
Who coined the time long term working memory and what is it?
What is meant with shifting attention and how is it different from split attention
It's different from split-attention because with split attention you attend more than anyone stimuli at the same time.
What did Andrea Halpern demonstrate with hierarchical organization?
What is the auditory sensory memory called and what is a brief trace of a sound called?
What is the maximum time an echo can be stored into your echoic memory?
What is the visual sensory memory also called and what is a brief trace of a visual stimulus?
What is priming and how was this shown in an experiment by Eagle with a tree with a rabbit?
Priming is not experienced conciously whilst the effects are on the conciousness.
In the experiment of Eagle with a tree and 1 second flashes of a duck which people couldn't have conciously seen, they unconciously drew ducks on all of the scenes.
What are the three general conclusions of brain mechanics of preattentive processing?
1. Stimuli not attended to nevertheless activate sensory and perceptual areas of the brain.
2.attention magnifies the activity that task-relevant stimuli produce in sensory and perceptual areas of the brain and diminishes the activity that task-irrelevent stimuli produce.
3. Neural mechanisms in the anterior (forward) positions of the cortex are responsible for control of attention.
How does left-hemisphere damage cause issues with remembering past events?
This suggests spatial representations are related to the same brain areas as some types of temporal representations.
What are the three techniques that help encode information into your long term memory
x chunk
x cisualise
What is consolidation and what helps consolidation happen in long term memory?
Consolidation is the process of getting labile long term memory, putting into your working memory and turning it into stable long term memory.
What is the role of retrieval in memory consolidation and what did the experiments of Karpicke & Roediger show?
It seems that retrieving the information consolidates memory and facilitaties learning.
How are childhood memories influenceable and how did Elizabeth Loftus use this in her experiments of false memories?
Elizabeth Loftus managed to convince people that they were lost in a mall at 5 years, even though it never happened.
How can source confusion and social pressure contribute to false memory construction?
Social pressure may cause new information to get into our mind and change the story due to leading questions or suggestions.
What are the three phases in prospective memory?
2. Intention must me maintained.
3. Switch to execute task
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
![Trustpilot Logo](/images/design_2020/lp/clp-trustpilot-en.png)