Social Psychologie
28 important questions on Social Psychologie
What two types of identities are there and how are they different?
- personal identity
- social identity.
The personal identity is your unique identity, this is how people see you, what your self-description is and when you are alone with them and social identity talks about your group identity.
When do we gloss over individual differences and what two types of social groups are there?
In groups - groups you belong to
Out groups - groups you don't belong to.
We gloss over the individual differences of people when we see/talk about people who are in out-groups, or groups we don't belong to.
What is a stereotype and how can stereotype threat be considered as choking under pressure?
The stereotype threat is a sort of self-fulfilling prophecy negatively. Like the idea that women are better at maths or black people don't know how to read, when you believe these things you will actually perform better or worse depending on the treat.
They've found that girls do better in tests taken by women and blacks fare better at tests by blacks.
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
What are the three levels of stereotype, and what is the difference between them?
- Public; what we say to others about a group
- Private; what we conciously believe but don't say to others
- Implicit; Mental associations about groups
Why are public and private stereotypes considered explicit stereotypes, and how are implicit stereotypes identified?
Implicit stereotypes can be identified by the implicit association tests, where you may be tested with race and good and bad words.
Implicit race bias has been found in european and japanese children from 6 years old.
What evidence shows that implicit prejudice can cause police offers to shoot at black suspects more readily than white suspects and how can you decrease implicit prejudice?
Implicit prejudice is based on conditioning, and it can be counter-conditioned by diversity training, however what was most succesful during tackling implicit prejudice was gaining black friends and building relationships with them.
What do we see as social pressure, and what are the terms that define positive social pressure and negative social pressure?
Social facilitation is when being watched improves performance.
Social interference is when being watched worsens performance.
What was Zajoncs theory on social pressure?
He stated this was the presence of others causes a heightened state of arousal. This heightened drive increases heightened effort, which works well when a task takes lots of effort but interferes when a task is automatic.
What evidence is there to prove Zajoncs theory on social pressure by experiments and real life experiences?
Interference is worsened when negative comments are made just before performance.
In real life experiences, social facilitation can occur in things like tennis matches where serena williams would be facilitated by social presence yet novices may suffer interference.
What are the two classes of reasons why people tend to conform to examples set by others?
- Informational influence
- Normative influence
Informational influence is information provided by others about the nature of an event or situation
Normative influence is a form of group cohesion wherein you all follow the same path due to wanting to be accepted and acting like one.
What happened in Asch's demonstration and how did he demonstrate that a tendency to conform can lead people to disclaim the evidence of their own eyes?
Whilst Asch didnt expert conformity would happen, 75% were swayed by the confederates by at least 1 trial, A few subjects conformed on every trial and on average, subjects conformed with 37%
How can public-serve messages best capitalize on normative influence, and how does Cialdini give proof for his idea?
How can conformity serve as a basis for the bystander effect or be explained in terms of informational and normative influence?
When we see the situation, we look at how others act in the situation and the inaction of another bystander may create the social norm/normative influence to do nothing and therefore may cause more people to do nothing.
What is the value for groups contagion with the spread of sadness, anger, fear and laughter and how may emotional contagion figure into the rise of group leaders?
Ronald Reagon and Bill clinton were leaders which a high level of emotional contagion. In experiments with students, it was shown that students were showing bodily responses matching the presidents speeches even when they couldn't hear the words they were saying.
What is group polarization and what are some experiments that have demonstrated group polarization?
This has been shown in experiments with mock trials, where before discussion people had moderate opinions and after discussion there were strong for and strong against and the gap between for and against was greater after discussion.
How can group polarization have serious consequences and how is this shown in cases concerning politics and prisoners?
When prisoners enter jail with a small disrespect of the law they will meet other people that disrespect the law and in return group polarization can cause prisoners to have a great disrespect of the law upon reentry of normal society
What did Janis mean with the word groupthink and what can groups do to reduce the risk of group think?
Group think can be reduced when leaders don't voice their opinion and request others voice theirs and challenge each other and when groups focus on the problem instead of group cohesion.
How can the low-ball sales technique be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance and what evidence supports this explanation?
Cialdini experimented with this and suggested that the trick works because people have cognitive dissonance after buying and people imagine theirselves with the bought items highering the value it actually has.
What is the foot-in-the-door sales technique and how can it be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance?
It may work because the first decision to give them a small request creates a sense of trust, commitment or compassion.
How many of Stanley Milgrims "teachers" followed the experiment to the end after the learners passed out and how many of these continued with a disobedient confederate?
When a disobedient confederate would be in the room refusing to shock students, the teachers would also disobey and only 10% would carry on to the end.
How is Milgrims findings more related to the social situation than personal characteristics?
What are social dilemma's and what is the tragedy of the commons by Garrett Hardin
In the Tragedy of the Common Garrett Hardin compared the Planet to a New england town wherein cows grazed. Each farmer had a dilemma; if I add one cow, my profits increase and pasture decreases but if everyone adds a cow the pasture fails and all cows die.
It becomes a tragedy when all farmers reason well it's not the increase of my cow but the combined increase of others than all farmers add cows and everyone dies.
What are real life dilemmas of tragedy of the commons?
How have laboratory games demonstrated human sense of justice and willingness to punish even at a personal cost, and how does this promote future cooperation?
After punishment, co-operation increased whilst without punishment, successive trials had less and less co-operation.
What is the difference between personal identity and social identity and how can our social identity lead to helping and hurting our in/out social groups.
Our social identity leads to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination wherein the brains of men the reward system has been activated if pain is caused to out-group members. We are also more likely to experience schadenfreunde at out group members.
This favouritism has been seen starting from pre-school ages.
What happened in the Robbers cave experiment and what where the names of the two divided groups?
- In the Robbers cave experiment, children randomly divided into two groups camping for 3 weeks in a place where Jesse James had a hideout.
What were the three changes in the relationships between the boys in each groups of Robbers Cave?
- Within group solidarity; They set aside internal squabbles and differences and the loyalty to their own group became strong.
- Negative stereptyping of the other group; Even though all boys were middle class, white, protestant) they were randomly assigned and soon stereotyped the other group in negative ways.
- Hostile between-group interactions; Good sportsmanship collapsed, calling each other names and accusing them of cheating and burning banners, leading to escalating raids and other hostilities.
How did the Sherif and his colleagues succeed in promoting peace between the two groups of boys, and how has a superordinate task worked in Red River North Dokota?
When the Red River overflowed in North Dakota, many locals had to work together to create and stack sandbags to save homes for flooding, none of them could succeed alone. Social psychologists predict that this experience will create a positive bond among volunteers and promote future-coperations.
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
![Trustpilot Logo](/images/design_2020/lp/clp-trustpilot-en.png)