Starting international business

22 important questions on Starting international business

What is an entrepreneurial team?

A group of people jointly acting as entrepreneurs

What is sporadic (passive) exporting?

The sale of products prompted by unsolicited inquiries from abroad

What is the difference between a sales agent and a distributor?

A sales agent is an intermediary receiving commission for sales, while a distributor is an intermediary that trades on their own account
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What are the 2 different forms of trade in services?

1. Cross-border services
2. Servicing foreign visitors

What is servicing foreign visitors?

A form of service trading that entails supplying services to customers coming from abroad. E.g. tourism.

What are the 5 most common form of international contractual relationships?

1. Licensing
2. Franchising
3. Turnkey and build-own-operate projects
4. Subcontracting
5. Management contracts

What are the advantages and disadvantages of R&D contracts?

+ allow firms to tap into the best locations for certain innovations at relatively low cost
- uncertain nature of R&D make negotiating contracts hard
- contracts may nurture competitors
- firms that rely on outsiders to perform R&D may lose some of their core R&D capabilities

What is experiential knowledge?

Knowledge learned by engaging in the activity and context

What are the 3 internationalisation process models?

1. Uppsala learning model of internationalisation
2. Network internationalisation model
3. Stages model of internationalisation

What is the Uppsala model?

A model of internationalisation processes focussing on learning processes. It states that internationalisation is a dynamic process of learning in which firms take decisions over their next step based on what they know at the time.

What are stage models?

Models depicting internationalisation as a slow stage-by-stage process an SME must go through

What is a born global (International New Venture)?

A start-up company that from inception, seek to derive significant competitive advantages from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries.

In what ways do INVs build their resources and capabilities?

1. Building an entrepreneurial team with international competences
2. Cooperating with internationally active firms
3. Learning from others
4. Acquiring resources abroad

What is mimetic behaviour?

Imitating the behaviour of others as a means to reduce uncertainty

Why do firms go global according to Rugman and Verbeke?

Low transaction costs associated with deploying and exploiting non-location bound firm-specific advantages in distant markets

What are the sources of temporary competitive advantage?

If the resource is:
1. Valuable
2. Rare
3. Not difficult to imitate
4. Supported by the organisation

What are the ownership advantages?

1. Resources created in one country that can be exploited in another
2. Sharing of resources across business units
3. Capabilities arising from combining business units in multiple countries 
4. Capabilities arising from organisational structures and culture

What are the forms of asset specificity?

1. Physical asset specificity - equipment that produces inputs specific to a particular customer or are specialised to use an input of a particular supplier
2. Site specificity - investments in productive assets are made in close proximity to each other
3. Human asset specificity - accumulation of knowledge that is specific to one trading partner
4. Dedicated assets - investments in general capital to meet demand of specific buyer

Why do global firms exist?

1. They tap into experience and knowledge of top managers
2. located in countries with small domestic markets
3. Offer products that complement products of other MNEs, take advantage of global IT infrastructure or tap into demand for product that is somewhat uniform across national geographic markets

What are the advantages and disadvantages of subsidies?

+ when used temporarily subsidies can be useful to protect young industries until they become competitive
- when used to protect uncompetitive businesses, subsidies lead to inefficient allocation of resources

What are the characteristics of doing business in common law countries?

1. Disputes are settled between parties rather than in court
2. Business contracts should include provisions for all imaginable risks
3. Assistance of competent lawyers is essential

What are the downsides of the single market for businesses?

1. Regulations can be excessive, and difficult to comply for small businesses
2. Difficult for companies in poorer countries to compete with rivals in richer countries

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