European integration

27 important questions on European integration

What is the Schuman plan?

A plan in the 1950s that outlined the path for European integration. Introduced by French foreign minister Schuman, who suggested a common market for steel and coal, etc.

What are the treaties of Rome?

The first treaties establishing European integration, which eventually led to the EU

What is the Single European Act (SEA)?

The agreement that established the basis for the single European market
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What is the Maastricht treaty?

A major treaty deepening integration in Europe. Set foundations for common foreign and security policy and for cooperation in police and judicial matters

What is the European Constitution?

An ambitious project to create a new legal foundation for the EU, which failed

What is economic transition?

The process of changing from central plan to a market economy.

What are the 3 primary aims of economic reform programmes?

1. Liberalisation
2. Stabilisation
3. Privatisation

What fourth aspect was added to the reform programmes after they kept failing?

The creation of institutions that secure the effective functioning of a market economy

What is mutual recognition?

The principle that products recognised as legal in one country may be sold throughout the EU

What is a harmonised sector?

Sectors of the industry for which the EU has created common rules

What is the subsidiary principle introduced in the treaty of Maastricht?

The EU takes action only if it is more effective than actions taken at lower levels.

Why is the single market for services harder to implement than for goods?

1. Regulations for service sectors are often very complex
2. Most services need form of local delivery

What is the Bologna process?

A political process aimed at harmonising European higher education

What is the Schengen Agreement?

The agreement that laid the basis for passport-free travel

What are the Maastricht Criteria?

Criteria the countries have to fulfil to join the eurozone
1. Annual budget deficits can't exceed 3% of the GDP
2. Public debt under 60% of the GDP
3. Inflation rates within 1.5% of the 3 lowest rates in the EU
4. Long-term interest rates within 2% of the 3 lowest rates in the EU
4. Exchange rate stability

What are the 4 benefits of the Euro?

1. Reduces currency conversion costs
2. Direct and transparant price comparisons are possible -> channeling more resources towards competitive firms
3. Elimination of exchange rate risk -> businesses face less risk when contracting/investing in other countries
4. Imposes monetary discipline

What are the 3 disadvantages of the Euro?

1. Unable to implement independent monetary policy
2. Limits on fiscal policy, notably deficit spending
3. De facto shared responsibility to support weaker member countries

What is an optimal currency area?

A theory establishing criteria for the optimal size of an area sharing a common currency

What is the European Council?

The assembly of heads of governments setting overall policy directions for the EU

What is the European commission?

The executive arm of the EU similar to a national government

What is the European Parliament?

The directly elected representation of European citizens

What are the things needed for a counter-attack?

1. Awareness of the attack
2. Motivation to react to an attack
3. Capability to fight back

What is explicit collusion?

Companies directly negotiate output, fix pricing and divide markets

What is a cartel?

Entity that engages in output- and price-fixing, involving multiple competitors

What is tacit collusion?

Companies indirectly coordinate actions by signalling their intention to reduce output and maintain pricing above competitive levels

What is a leniency program?

Encourage cartel member to confess: first confessor does not pay fines

What drives the urgency for sustainability?

1. Environmental effects of industrialisation
2. Rising levels of population, poverty and inequality
3. NGOs as monitors and enforcers of social standards

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