Summary: International Public Health

Read the summary and the most important questions on International Public Health

• Health determinants, measurements and trends

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• What are, besides the individual (genetics, sex, age), determinants of health?

  • Physical environment (water, sanitation, air pollution)
  • Employment and working conditions
  • Access to health services
  • Healthy behaviors and coping skills
  • Healthy child development
  • Social environment (socio-economic status, education, social capital, culture, gender norms)

• Give an example of equity and equality in health care.

  Everyone can go to the GP 5 times a year = equality
  Everyone can go to the GP as often as they need = equity

• What is meant with the incidence rate and prevalence, what type of indicator of health status is it?

  Incidence rate is the amount of new cases of a disease. Prevalence is the total amount of people with the disease.
  These are indicators of the frequency of disease.

• What is meant with the mortality, case-fatality, and morbidity, what type of indicator of health status is it?

  Mortality is the number of deaths. Case-fatality is the number of deaths because of  a certain disease. Morbidity is the disability caused by a disease.
  These are indicators of the severity of disease.

• What is the difference between mortality and case-fatality?

  Mortality is a measure for deaths in the whole population, case-fatality is the mortality of the population with a certain disease.

• What are general trends that influence the global health status?

  • Population growth
  • Ageing of the population
  • Urbanization (water, sanitation, schools)

• Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

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• What are the three main causes of death according to the WHO?

  I - Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions
  II - Non-communicable conditions (NCDs)
  III - Injuries

• What are the characteristics of NCDs?

  • Long latency
  • Emerge in middle-age and later life
  • High degree of preventability
  • Long period of treatment and care
  • Comorbidity
  • Strong link to socio-economic development

• What is a trend linked to obesity?

  In high income countries the people with a middle- and low socio-economic status are more likely to get obese as the fast food restaurants are cheap.
  In low- and middle income countries the 'rich' people get obese.

• What is a trend in tobacco use and an unhealthy diet?

  Media exposure of tobacco and unhealthy food is paid by the tobacco industry and food industry.