Environment and Health

10 important questions on Environment and Health

At what 5 levels is the environment a risk for health?

  1. Household (water, sanitation, hygiene, housing quality, indoor air pollution)
  2. Work place (lead exposure (mining))
  3. Community (air pollution, traffic, waste management, water and food contamination, industry and manufacturing)
  4. Regional (transboundary) (atmosphere dispersion, land use and water engineering)
  5. Global (loss of biodiversity, extinction of species, invasive species, climate change)

What is the 'formula' for risk?

Risk = exposure x toxicity

There is not one clear definition for 'environment', however there are some determinations towards a definition. Can you name these?

  • All diseases are somehow environmental (burden of disease approach)
  • Including are behavioral factors related to hygiene
  • Not included are genetic risks, active smoking, and food intake
  • Both natural and man-made risks are included
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How is the burden of disease of environmental health determined?

  • Assessment of the exposure distribution in the population
  • Selection of associated health effects and diseases
  • Estimation of exposure-response relationships
  • Estimation of attributable cases from the exposure-response relationships

What are the three types of risks related to environmental health?

  • Biological
  • Chemical
  • Physical

What are biological risks related to environmental health?

  • Rotavirus
  • Enterovirus
  • Salmonella
  • Hepatitis A/E
Mainly fecal-oral route

What are physical risks related to environmental health?

  • Climate change
  • Flooding
  • Draught
  • Deforestation

What are chemical risks related to environmental health?

  • Arsenic
  • Radium
  • Heavy metals
  • Pesticides
  • Air pollution

What is the environmental transition?

The shift of environmental risks during economic development. The level of concern shifts from household to community to regional to global. The types of diseases shift from diseases related to sanitation and hygiene to chronic diseases.

What is the global distribution of risks?

LICs have the highest risk from the household level
MICs have the higher risk from community-related/regional hazards
HICs contribute most to hazards at the global level

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