Constructivism - Book chapter Fierke

18 important questions on Constructivism - Book chapter Fierke

In what context did constructivism emerge as an IR theory and what was its aim?

Against the backdrop of the Cold War in the mid-to-late 1980s. The inability of traditional IR approaches to explain or foresee the ending of the CW caused the emergence of an important question, namely the social construction of IR. The main emphasis is on the social dimension of IR and the possibility of change.

What are the 2 different forms of construct in constructivism in IR?

  1. Material substance (wood);
  2. Material object (table).

Where are social constructs embedded in, according to constructivism in IR?

The shape and form of social constructs are embedded with social values, norms and assumptions, and thus not the product of purely individual thought or meaning.
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What are the 3 most important themes constructivists have highlighted?

  1. Change;
  2. Sociality;
  3. The process of interaction.

With the help of the dialogue with rationalists, what 4 central points have shaped constructivism?

  1. Social being;
  2. Mutual constitution;
  3. Social facts;
  4. Social cognition.

What different ontologies do rationalism and constructivism have in social being? And what difference does this make concerning structures?

Rationalists have an individualist ontology. Structures constrain the actions of states.
Constructivists have a social ontology. Structures constitute the identity of actors.

What does the logic of consequences entail, as argued by rationalists concerning the social being?

A rational act is one that will produce an outcome that maximizes the interests of the individual unit.

What does the logic of appropriateness entail, as argued by social constructivists concerning the social being?

A rational act is one that follows the function of legitimacy, defined by shared values and norms within institutions or other social structures rather than purely individual interests.

Another point central for shaping constructivism via the dialogue with rationalism is the relationship between structures and agents. What name did they give to this point in particular?

Mutual constitution

What different perspectives do rationalists and constructivists have regarding the constitution of the material world?

Rationalists state that the world is static and consists of asocial egotistical actors who are primarily concerned with material interests.
Constructivists argue that interests are important but they are more directly linked with the identity of the subject. Identity and interests cannot be detached from a world of social meaning.

What is the difference between material facts and social facts as discussed in the book chapter by Fierke?

Material facts exist independently of human meaning and value (piece of paper).
Social facts exist only because of the meaning and value attributed to them (money).

Another point central for shaping constructivism via the dialogue with rationalism is the role of cognition or social cognition. What is the difference between constructivists and rationalists on this subject?

Constructivists use the concept of understanding. They have the interpretation that action must always be understood from within.
Rationalists believe in a rationality of decisions in terms of self-interest, there is only a small role for social context.

Constructivism could be seen as a middle ground between two theories, which ones?

Rationalists and post-structuralists/reflectivists.

What is the difference in the epistemologies of conventional constructivist theories and critical constructivist theories (such as post-structuralism)? This is one of the main controversial issues among constructivists.

Conventional constructivist theories have a positivist epistemology, such as rationalism.
The critical constructivist theories have a post-positivist epistemology.

What do conventional constructivists and critical constructivists agree on?

Both accept the possibility of a reality to be a socially constructed.

What is the main focus of conventional constructivists in IR?

Their main focus is to bring the social dimension back into a discipline that has not paid any or a lot of attention to this social dimension in the past.

What is the difference between a positivist epistemology and a constructivist one, concerning language?

A positivist epistemology (conventional constructivism) rests on a correspondence theory of language. So we use words as labels to describe objects that exist independently of meaning. A constructivist epistemology sees a product of linguistic turn. So we cannot get behind our language to compare it with what it describes. As constructivists see it, language is bound up in the world rather than a mirror of it.

On what 2 grounds does Wendt argues constructivism is a theory, rather than an approach?

  1. Constructivism and positivism rely on different assumptions about the nature of reality, so theory is inconsistent.
  2. You cannot compare the theory of constructivism with the theory of realism.

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