Commercial Capitalism and City-States
12 important questions on Commercial Capitalism and City-States
3 international systems according to Viotti and Kauppi
2. Independent (city)state-system + balance of power
3. Hegemonic state-system
George Modelski's Cycle in World Politics
2. Dominant state rises
3. Delegitimisation of world leader status
4. Deconcentration of dominance
Immanual Wallerstein The Modern World-System
■ And that the dynamics of development of such a system is by and large internal
■ 2 world-systems:
● World empire (occurred in the past → Ottoman empire, Roman empire)
● World economy (economic division of labour, economic unity, political disunity → creates highly competitive situation in an overarching structure)
○ Result: economic growth and expansion
○ Needs hegemonic power for stability
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Wallerstein's Hegemonic Cycle
● All these combined leads a state into the hegemonic phase
● Twin Deficit: trade and budget deficit
● In decline could lead to more protectionist inclinations
4 factors of the Dutch Golden age
2. Political system/freedom of the cities
3. Modernisation at home
4. Expansion abroad/international trade
DR: Modernisation at home
■ Urbanisation and agricultural modernisation
■ Demographic expansion
■ Cheap energy (turf/peat)
DR: Expansion abroad
■ Staple market (entrepot) and European World Economy
■ Merchant capitalism: long distance trade in mass consumer goods (grains, wood, etc)
■ Foreign trade: primacy fo Baltic Sea Trade
Hugo de Groot (1583-1645)
■ Liberal commercial bourgeoisie
■ Eighty-year war (against Spain)
■ Merciless and brutal violence of Spain
○ Main arguments:
■ Human interest in social life
■ Reducing violence/limiting use of force
■ Limits to sovereignty
■ World order based on Law of Nations → public international law
■ Oceans cannot be claimed → in interest of VOC
○ Founding father of the Just War Theory
Basic contradiction between IR theories
World Order (Grotius) --> echo of neoliberalism
EU as a strong state?
○ Trade (certain independence)
○ Do we have efficient institutions/checks and balances? → empirical statehood
■ Whether they are supranational or intergovernmental
○ Solid economic basis
○ Lack of solidarity (social and political cohesion)
○ Stateless market, hybrid not super state
Conclusion of Taylor article
Why a new state?
■ Ideological power provided a core solidarity in Calvinism for which military power provided a fortress, while political power provided an opportunity that was exploited through economic power
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