IR & Theories (I)
7 important questions on IR & Theories (I)
Strategic realism (Schelling)
- Views diplomacy and foreign policy as a rational instrumental activity that can be more deeply understood by the application of a form of logical analysis called Fame theory
- Presupposes values and carries normative implications
- Unlike classical realism, does not examine the values or explore them
Neo-realism (Kenneth Waltz)
- Moves away from classical realism by ignoring human nature and ethics
- International change occurs when great powers rise and fall and the balance of power shifts accordingly
- A balance of power between states can be achieved, but war is always a possibility in an anarchical system
- Waltz wants to present a scientific explanation of international politics
- However, he cannot avoid implying normative concerns and he cannot escape from making implicitly normative assumptions
Offensive realism (Mearsheimer)
2. Mearsheimer refers to the realism of Waltz as 'defensive'. According to Mearsheimer, all states want to become regional hegemons.
3. He was criticised because his theory fails to explain cooperation and the existence of the EU. Also because it fails to look at historical experiences that are contrary to the thesis
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Important aspects of system theories
2. The world has a unique character. The world system is characterised by a series of unique processes.
3. Emphasis is put on the emergence and development of the system itself.
Agreement of scholars on 2 aspects on the balance of power
2. The balance of power assumes equilibrium of power among small number of major states, where power is defined narrowly in terms of military capability
Difference between realism and neorealism
- In neorealism and realism, states are the most important actors in the international system
- Neo-realism is by definition a state centric approach to IR --> focus on states because states have a monopoly on formal violence
- Neo-realism looks at states as if they are black boxes (realism does not assume this)
Black Box theory
- Inputs are the pressures put on the system and on politicians
- Outputs are the results (new laws, changes in policies, or the changing behaviour of legislators)
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