Getting started

26 important questions on Getting started

Which to perspectives do you have considering a joint?

  1. The proximal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed distal segment.(closed chain)
  2. The distal segment can rotate against the relatively fixed proximal segment.(open chain)

What is stance phase?

WHen walking the limb is planted on the floor under load of body weight.

What is swing phase?

When walking when the limb is in the 'air', when is advancing forward.
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What is an closed 'kinematic' chain?

An closed chain is when the distal segment is fixed to the floor or other immovable objects.

What are the three fundamental movements?

  1. roll
  2. slide
  3. spin

What are the arthokinematics principles of movement?

  1. By a convex-on-concave surface movement the convex member slides en rolls in the opposite direction.
  2. By a concave-on-convex surface movement the concave member rolls and slides int the similar direction.

What is a close-packed position?

THe position of a joint where minimal movement is possible, but the stability is the biggest.

What is the maximal loose-packed position?

The position of a joint where maximal joint play can occur, also the preferred position when the joint is inflamed or injured.

What is the ultimate failure point and when does this occur?

The ultimate failure point is the moment that a ligament partially or completely separates and loses its ability to hold any level of tension. This happens around 8% til 13% beyond their original length.

What is the moment arm (lever arm)?

The moment arm is the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation of the joint and the force

Which two outcomes have a force exerted on the body?

  • Translation of a body segment
  • Rotation of a joint

What is static linear equilibrium?

Static linear equilibrium occurs when all the vertical forces are balanced and net acceleration is zero.

What is the angle-of-insertion?

The angle-of-insertion is the angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts.

What are the four factors making a force vector?

  1. Magnitude
  2. Spatial orientation
  3. Direction
  4. Point of application

What are internal forces?

Internal forces are produced from structures within the body, like stimulated muscles (active) or (passive) ligament and capsule tension.

What are external forces?

External forces are forces produced outside the body, like gravity or physical contact.

What is magnitude of force vectors?

Magnitude is the length of the arrow.

What is the direction of the force vector?

The direction is where the arrowhead points at.

What is line of force or/and line of gravity?

This is the direction and the spatial orientation together making a full arrow.

What is the point of application in a force vector?

The point of application is where the muscle inserts into the bone.

What is static rotatory equilibrium?

When the internal and external torques are equal no rotation occurs around the joint, this is called static rotatory equilibrium.

What is isometric activation?

Isometric activation occurs when the a muscle is producing a pulling force while maintaining a constant length.

What is eccentric activation?

Eccentric activation occurs when a muscle produces a pulling force as it is being elongated by another more dominant force. The external torque is greater then the internal torque.

What is a synergists?

 A synergists are two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement.

What is a muscular force-couple?

A muscular force-couple is formed when two or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions, but the resulting torques act in the same rotary direction.

What are the three lever-classes?

  • The first lever-class is when the internal and external forces typically act in similar linear directions, but they produce torques in the opposite rotary direction, like your head-neck.
  • The second-class lever has its axis of rotation located at one end of the bone, while the muscle or internal force possesses a greater leverage than the external force.
  • The third-class lever Has also the axis of rotation located at the end of the bone. The external weight always has a greater leverage than the muscle force.

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